Guide to the Yolanda M. Lopez Papers
Project archivist: Salvador Güereña; principal processors: Todd Chatman;
student assistants: Aneesa Motala;
machine-readable finding aid created by Alexander Hauschild
Department of Special Collections
Davidson Library
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, CA 93106
Phone: (805) 893-3062
Fax: (805) 893-5749
Email: special@library.ucsb.edu
URL: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/speccoll/speccoll.html
© 1999
The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Guide to the Yolanda M. Lopez Papers
Collection number: CEMA 11
California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives
Donald C. Davidson Library
Department of Special Collections
University of California, Santa Barbara
Contact Information:
- Department of Special Collections
- Davidson Library
- University of California, Santa Barbara
- Santa Barbara, CA 93106
- Phone: (805) 893-3062
- Fax: (805) 893-5749
- Email: special@library.ucsb.edu
- URL: http://www.library.ucsb.edu/speccoll/speccoll.html
- Project Archivist:
- Salvador Güereña
- Principal Processor:
- Todd Chatman
- Student Assistants:
- Aneesa Motala
- Date Completed:
- February 1999
- Encoded by:
- Alexander Hauschild
© 1999 The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved.
Descriptive Summary
Title: Yolanda M. Lopez Papers
Collection number: CEMA 11
Creator:
Lopez, Yolanda M.
Extent:
1.5 linear feet (3 hollinger boxes, 1 oversize portfolio box, 1 flat file portfolio
box of silkscreen prints)
Repository:
University of California, Santa Barbara. Library.
California Ethnic and Multicultural Archives
Shelf location: For current information on the location of these
materials, please consult the library's online catalog.
Language:
English.
Administrative Information
Provenance
Donated by Yolanda Lopez, December 12, 1996
Restrictions
Selected correspondence files which are sensitive in nature will remain confidential until 2027.
Publication Rights
Copyright resides with donor
Preferred Citation
[Identification of item], Yolanda M. Lopez Papers, CEMA 11, Department of Special
Collections, University Libraries, University of California, Santa Barbara.
Biography
Yolanda Lopez was born in San Diego, California in 1942. As the eldest daughter of three, she was raised by her
mother and her mother's parents in the Logan Heights neighborhood.
After graduating high school, Lopez moved to the San Francisco Bay Area and in 1968 became part of the San
Francisco State University Third World Strike. She also worked as a community artist in the Mission District with a
group called Los Siete de la Raza. Since that point she has viewed her work as an artist as a tool for political and
social change and sees herself as an artistic provocateur.
In 1975 Lopez received her B.A. in Painting and Drawing from San Diego State University and in 1979 went on
to get her Masters of Fine Arts in Visual Arts from the University of California San Diego. As a visual artist, she is
best known for her groundbreaking Virgin of Guadalupe series, an investigation of the Virgin of Guadalupe as an
influential female icon. Classically trained as an artisan, her work has expanded into installation, video and slide
presentations. Her video, Images of Mexicans in the Media, has toured internationally and is collected in university
libraries nationally. Her media series, Cactus Hearts/Barbed Wire Dreams, has comprised numerous installations,
including Things I Never Told My Son About Being a Mexican, an installation that explores identity, assimilation,
and cultural change. The series was part of the major traveling exhibition "La Frontera/The Border: Art About the
Mexico/United States Border Experience." A recent project, Woman's Work Is Never Done, includes a series of
prints, as well as the installation The Nanny, which explores the invisibility of immigrant women as domestic
workers. The installation was showcased in the San Jose Institute of Contemporary Art's exhibition "Mirror,
Mirror...Gender Roles and the Historical Significance of Beauty."
As a scholar as well as an artist, Lopez has taught studio classes and has lectured on contemporary Chicano art
at the University of California at Berkeley and San Diego. Lopez has produced a video, "When You Think of
Mexico," on the topic of cultural stereotypes in print and electronic media, and has presented the video and
accompanying lecture throughout the West. "It is important for us to be visually literate; it is a survival skill," Lopez
states strongly. "The media is what passes for culture in contemporary U.S. society, and it is extremely powerful. It
is crucial that we systematically explore the cultural mis-definition of Mexicans and Latin Americans that is
presented in the media."
Scope and Content
The contents of the Yolanda M. Lopez Papers are comprised of both personal and professional materials
generated by the artist during the period 1961-1998. The bulk of the collection consists of incoming personal
correspondence from family members and fellow artists. This includes a large body of correspondence from Analee
Lively, Lopez's half-sister, and another large amount from Rene Yañez, with whom Lopez has maintained a
relationship since the late 1970s. The second largest component of the collection, the Biographical/Professional
Activities series, contains a history of Lopez's professional development through clippings of media mentions,
announcement cards and posters for her exhibits and lectures, and various miscellaneous files and clippings that
relate to her work. The collection also includes several original silkscreens and offset posters, a number of slides, a
personal diary with irregular entries spanning from 1976-1979, and two video cassettes featuring Lopez. The
greatest strengths of the collection are the insight it gives into Lopez's personal and family life (especially in the late
1960s and 1970s), and the record it provides of her professional development and achievements.
Related Collections
- The video, "When You Think of Mexico: Commercial Images of Mexicans," written and produced by Yolanda Lopez (1986; running
time 28 minutes; color; in stereo), is part of the media collections in the Curriculum
- Laboratory of the Davidson Library. It has the following call number: P94.5 M45 L6, 1986.
- In addition, two video collections within CEMA contain video materials pertaining to Lopez.
- In the Artistas Chicanas Symposium Collection, tape one (call number: 6538.M4 A76 1991a) features Lopez talking about the
Virgin of Guadalupe series and other well known works.
- The Califas Collection (call number: E184.M5 C2995 1986) also contains extensive video footage pertaining to Chicano art in
California.
Series Description
Series I: Correspondence - Incoming 1961-1995
Physical Description:
boxes 1-3
Scope and Content Note
This series is arranged alphabetically according to correspondent, then chronologically, and is divided into
personal and professional correspondence. A large portion of the personal correspondence is from Lopez's half-
sister, Analee Lively, who wrote regularly from 1962-1995. A similarly large amount of correspondence (spanning
from 1978-1994) is from Rene Yañez, a Chicano artist with whom Lopez has maintained a close relationship. The
latter is of a personal nature and, to ensure the privacy of the persons involved, has been designated confidential for
the time being at the request of the donor. These files will be unrestricted in the year 2027. Other correspondents of
note include:
- Nesbit Crutchfield, who wrote to Lopez during his two years of incarceration in 1968-70;
- Countes [sic] Cuchita, who claimed to be Lopez's sister, and Mortimer Lopez, Lopez's father;
- David Avalos, a Chicano artist with whom Lopez had a close relationship for several years;
- and Graciela Carrillo, a fellow artist and personal friend who, along with Lopez, was one of the Mujeres Muralistas.
Series II: Biographical/Professional Activities,
1978-1998
Physical Description:
boxes 3-4
Scope and Content Note
This series is arranged chronologically and contains primarily literature related to Lopez's participation in
exhibitions and other professional activities. This includes flyers and announcements for exhibitions and
conferences, as well as articles from magazines and newspapers regarding Lopez's work and Chicana art in general.
Lopez's personal biography and an Artist Statement dated 1998 can be found in box 4, folder 1. Note also that there
are very informative newspaper/magazine interviews and clippings relating to Lopez's professional activities in the
Oversize series (series V)
Series III: Photography-Slides
Physical Description:
box 4
Scope and Content Note
The slides contained within this series are a sampling of some of Lopez's better-known works. Subjects
represented include:
- The Virgin of Guadalupe series
- A Woman's Work Is Never Done series
- Cactus Hearts/Barbed Wire Dreams series
The Miscellaneous slides include selections from the Things I Never Told My Son About Being a Mexican series,
the Three Generations Tres Mujeres series, and slides of individual works such as Who's the Illegal Alien, Pilgrim?,
La Mano Mas Poderosa (The Most Powerful Hand), Mexican Chair, Rio's World, and other
Series IV: Video
Physical Description:
box 4
Scope and Content Note
This series contains two videotapes. One tape contains an interview with Lopez focused on the making of the
Guadalupe series; the other tape, entitled "Women of the Vanguard," contains original footage of a protest at the
Galeria de La Raza in which Lopez took part.
Series V: Oversize
Physical Description:
box 5
Scope and Content Note
This series contains miscellaneous oversized items arranged chronologically, including a photograph of Lopez,
newspapers, programs and fliers related to her professional activities, and several pieces of oversize correspondence
from David Avalos and Analee Lively. Of particular interest is the Winter/Spring, 1995 issue of Venceremos which
features an excellent interview with Lopez discussing much of her most well-known work (box 5, folder 1). Items
are arranged chronologically.
Series VI: Graphic Arts
Physical Description:
box 4
Scope and Content Note
This series contains 15 silkscreen and offset posters by Lopez, as well as four iris prints of Lopez's work.
Included in the posters are several of her well-known works, including Who's the Illegal Alien, Pilgrim?, A
Woman's Work Is Never Done, Things I Never Told My Son About Being a Mexican, and others. The prints are
arranged according to record number.
Container List
SERIES I: CORRESPONDENCE - INCOMING, 1961-1995
Box 1, Folder 3
Carillo, Graciela, 1977-1978
Box 1, Folder 4
Crutchfield, Nesbit, 1968-1970
Yañez, Rene [CONFIDENTIAL]
Professional Correspondence
SERIES II: BIOGRAPHICAL/PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES, 1978-1998
Box 3, Folder 7
Personal diary, 1976-1979
Box 4, Folder 5
"First Front: Vanguard of the Chicano Movement in Northern California," Galeria de la Raza Exhibit, 1994
Box 4, Folder 6
"Ten Women, Ten Prints," Exhibition, 1995
Box 4, Folder 7
"The Latina Artist" Exhibition, 1998
SERIES III: PHOTOGRAPHY - SLIDES
Box 4, Folder 8
"La Virgen de Guadalupe" series
Box 4, Folder 9
"A Woman's Work is Never Done" series
Box 4, Folder 10
"Cactus Hearts/Barbed Wire Dreams" series
V0019/VHS
"An Interview with Yolanda M. Lopez and the Making of the Guadalupe Series" 1988 ("unedited")
V0020/8MM
"Women of the Vanguard" Protest at the Galería de la Raza, 8/20/94
Biographical/Professional Activities
Box 5, Folder 3
Photo of Yolanda Lopez by Joe Ramos, 9 1/2" x 11 1/2", n.d.
Correspondence - Incoming
Box 5, Folder 4
Avalos, David, n.d.; Lively, Analee, n.d.
Box 4, Folder 10
"A Woman's Work Is Never Done," "Virgin at the Crossroads," "Your Vote Has Power," and "Madre Mestiza"
Silkscreen & Offset Prints
item 1.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for Art & Action: A Spring for Change ; from the When You Think of Mexico Series ; 1984; silkscreen; image size: 16 1/4" x 10 3/4"; paper size: 16 1/4" x 10 3/4"
Record Number: 5
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "Art & Action: A Spring of Change." Against a
green background lies a yellow shirt with saguaro-cactus-and-man-in-sombrero design. A
white apron atop shirt serves as background for text. Words over apron read, "Art & Action
A Spring for Change" in bold red. Further text reads "April 21, 1984 Saturday noon to
midnight. Veteran's Memorial Bldg. 846 Front St. Santa Cruz, CA. Music--Bands 9:00-
12:00 midnight. 'The Looters' 'Tao Chemical' donation requested. Poetry--8:00 p.m.
Choreopoem performance. Dialogue--Panel discussion: Art & Political Action. Video--
Art--Performance. For more info (408) 476-8328. Poster: 'Things I never told my son
about being a Mexican.' by Yolanda M. Lopez, When You Think of Mexico Series."
item 2.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for Arte Picante--Contemporary Chicano Arts ; 1975; offset; image size: 23 3/8" x 18"; paper size: 25" x 19"
Record Number: 6
Physical Description: unknown ed.; signed
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "Arte Picante--Contemporary Chicano Arts." Text
above center picture reads, "Arte Picante." Below is a black and white portrait of two
women standing together. An older Latina woman, very thin, with glasses, is in the
forefront. Another, larger Latina woman with a broader face has her arm around her.
Below picture, text in black reads "January 11-February 6, 1976. Chicano Films, Poetry,
Drama, Music, Art. Gallery hours: Sunday through Friday 12-5 p.m. For more
information: 452-2860. Mandeville Center for the Arts. University of California, San
Diego."
item 3.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for Chicano Studies Center of the Claremont Colleges--25th Anniversary 1994-5; 1995; offset; image size: 16" x 10"; paper size: 17" x 11"
Record Number: 11
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "Chicano Studies Center of the Claremont Colleges-
-25th Anniversary 1994-5." There is a tan Aztec calendar in upper right center. Black text
at top reads, "Chicano Studies Center for the Claremont Colleges 25th Anniversary 1994-
5." Following under, in a sierra-colored box, is a list of Chicano/a Studies Events-1995
from February 8 through April 22. On the bottom, text in black reads: "Celebrating 25 years
of scholarship, teaching and student services." The background of poster in tan; image and
text contained within a black border.
item 4.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for Flor y Canto - Benefit for Yolanda Lopez; 1996; silkscreen; image size: 21 5/8" x 13 1/2" ; paper size: 22 1/2" x 14 1/2"
Record Number: 8
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "Flor y Canto - Benefit for Yolanda Lopez." The
title text reads "Flor y Canto - Benefit for Yolanda Lopez." In capital hand-written red
letters at the top of the poster reads "Saturday June 8, 1996, 8 p.m. Mission Cultural Center
Gallery." In the center is a picture of a young Latina woman taking off a dramatic mask.
She is wearing a shirt with house prints on it. Behind her mesh together a red background of
floral screen and of nuclear warheads prints. A border surrounds the picture, containing
guns and roses. Underneath the picture, text lists poets and music, ticket prices, where
tickets can be purchased, and location of events. The event has been sponsored by, "Dr.
Loco's Rockin' Jalapeno Band, Galeria de la Raza, Studio 24, Juana Alicia, Alliance
Graphics, (and) Mission Cultural Center."
item 5.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for In Progress; 1982; offset; image size: 20 7/8" x 12"; paper size: 20 7/8" x 12"
Record Number: 14
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "In Progress." The title in red text at top reads, "In
Progress," across a backdrop of a red grid. Underneath the title text, black print reads, "19
artists creating murals in an open studio on the walls of Galeria de la Raza [GDLR address,
dates, hours, encouragement of public to come follows.]" A column of text on the right side
lists the artists. More text announces a joint reception for another show in progress and for
Michael Rios' newly completed minipark mural. Interspersed in grid are b/w photos of
artists. At bottom is a group b/w photo of artists.
item 6.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for La Mano Mas Poderosa/The Most Powerful Hand; 1997; silkscreen; image size: 21 1/8" x 16 3/4"; paper size: 26 1/2" x 21"
Record Number: 15
Physical Description: 13/25; signed
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "La Mano Mas Poderosa/The Most Powerful Hand."
The title text reads, "La Mano" (in red horror-movie script) with the words "Mas Poderosa"
in a b/w box in the top left corner on a cloud. The text is above a large flesh-colored hand
printed with map of southwest United States and Mexico. One person stands atop clouds
above each digit. A child and a man, also on part of the cloud, stand above the thumb. The
hand rises from a flaming spot in the center of the black-colored continent of North
America. Houses lie to the northwest; a clock tower and office lie to the northeast. To the
side of the hand lies a black and white box that reads, "Chicana y Chicano Scholarship: Un
Compromiso con nuestras comunidades." At the bottom, in a red box, reads white text:
"XXIV Annual Conference National Association for Chicana and Chicano Studies
Radisson Hotel Sacramento, California April 16-19, 1997." Underneath this text reads the
trademark and "86 Alliance Graphics" and also "Poster: (c) Yolanda M. Lopez 1997."
Underneath this text in pencil script is Yolanda Lopez's signature, date, and title, "The Most
Powerful Hand." The color of the background ranges from yellow at top to orange to red at
bottom. The globe is blue with black continents.
item 7.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for U.S. Latino Art On Film--Festival Cinearte; 1985; poster; image size: 13 3/8" x 8"; paper size: 14" x 8 1/2"
Record Number: 9
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "U.S. Latino Art on film--Festival Cinearte." There
is an image of a tube of paint with black and white movie film flowing out of opening. The
label on paint tube reads, "Peliculas." The text on tube reads, "color y b/w." Continuing text
lists Friday and Saturday programs of U.S. Latina Art on Film. The background is tan; the
text is black.
item 8.
Lopez, Yolanda; Announcement Poster for Yolanda M. Lopez Works: 1975-1978; 1978; offset; image size: 16" x 9 1/2" ; paper size: 17" x 11"
Record Number: 4
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Announcement Poster for "Yolanda M. Lopez Works: 1975-1978, Exhibition
& Artist's Reception." There is a black and white print titled "Guadalupe: Victoria F.
Franco" of an older Latina woman sitting on a raised print throw in the center. She is
holding a knife in her left hand and a snakeskin in her right hand. Behind her hovers a small
Chicano angel, his head encircled by a half-wreath. Behind both figures the rays of the sun
spread out. The sun is hidden behind the older woman. The text underneath the print lists
the date, location, and co-sponsors of the exhibition (at UCSD). Text in black reads "7-9
p.m. Fri., Dec. 8, '78, Mandeville Ctr., East Rm., UCSD, La Jolla, Ca. Co-sponsored by
University of California and El Centro Cultural de la Raza."
item 9.
Lopez, Yolanda; El and de los Siete; n.d.; silkscreen; image size: 21 1/2" x 16 1/2"; paper size: 22 1/2" x 17 1/2"
Record Number: 3
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
There are blue abstract forms in the center. Two vaguely resemble a teapot.
Large neon orange text reads: "El" and "de" at the top of the page/ and "los siete" at bottom
of page, in capital block letters. Mauve/dark red text encloses picture in a square. This text
lists the date, time, location, and what will take place at a community event: "May 2--12
noon to 7 p.m.--22nd and Folsom--Primer and Los Siete--Pintas para los ninos--Gratis--
Rock Band 'Gold'--Latin Bands-- Speakers from los Siete and community."
item 10.
Lopez, Yolanda; Issues in Chicana Scholarship; 1993; offset; image size: 23" x 17 3/8"; paper size: 24" x 18"
Record Number: 2
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
The text on top reads, "Culture and Society in Dialogue: Issues in Chicana
Scholarship, May 14, 1993." The text continues, to list the location (at UC Irvine) of the
conference. The center portrait is titled, "Portrait of the Artist as the Virgen de Guadalupe."
There is a picture of young Chicana woman in a pink dress with white lining and white
running shoes, running, holding a snake in her left hand. A cape, blue with yellow dots
(stars?) is thrown over her right shoulder and spreads out behind her. The sun is also behind
her; her body covering the sun and the rays of light surrounding her form. The rays of
sunlight lie within a red form. The woman is running on clouds. Underneath her left foot,
the one which is on the ground, lies a Chicano baby with red, white , and blue wings,
dressed in a red coat. The text beneath this picture lists sessions and speakers for events in
Literary Expressions, Social Science Issues, and Artistic Impressions. The sponsors for the
event and the number to call for information are also listed.
item 11.
Lopez, Yolanda; Mission Street Manifesto; 1983; offset; image size: 20 3/8" x 12 3/4" ; paper size: 21" x 12 3/4"
Record Number: 13
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
A bar across top with an illustration of eyes and forehead of a young Latina
woman next to lips and chin of young Latino man. The image is in color against black, in a
slightly pointilistic style. Underneath the image reads a poem in lower case print. The title
of the poem is "Mission Street Manifesto [all caps, next line in lower case letters] for all
varrios" and begins "Blow out the jiving smoke the plastik mix the huddling straw for the
dying mind." On the bottom of the poem, underneath a black line, reads "From Desires of
Exile by Juan Felipe Herrera (c)1983 Lab Press Publications Design by Cecilia Brunazzi,
from a photo by Yolanda M. Lopez."
item 12.
Lopez, Yolanda; Who's the Illegal Alien, Pilgrim?; 1994; offset; image size: 21 5/8" x 15 1/8"; paper size: 221/2" x 16 1/2"
Record Number: 1
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
Within border of several lines a Native American male with angry expression
points finger of left hand at viewer. He is wearing an Aztec headdress with black and white
designs and metal wrist sheaths. In his right hand are clutched several ragged-looking
papers entitled "Immigration Plans." The title text lies over a blanked-out area on man's
chest and torso. The word "pilgrim" is encased in a lined block.
item 13.
Lopez, Yolanda; Who's the Illegal Alien, Pilgrim? (calendar); 1989; Poster; image size: 16 3/8" x 10"; paper size: 17" x 11"
Record Number: 12
Physical Description: unknown ed.; unsigned
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
In the top center is an image of young angry Native American in Aztec
headdress and metal wrist sheaths, clutching ragged papers entitled, "Immigration Plans."
Text in black reads "Who's the illegal alien, PILGRIM?" over his chest. Under the image
of the man reads the following text in black: "America Pertenece Al Pueblo Indigena
Indio/Mexicano somos un pueblo sin fronteras lucha liberacion y reunificacion de nuestras
tierras" all in caps. Underneath this text is a month-by-month calendar of 1989. There is
one Aztec deity on each side of the calendar centerpiece. Underneath the calendar in the left
corner reads, "Centro Aztlan / 2803 B St. / San Diego, CALIFAZTLAN." In the right
corner is address, "Union del Barrio / P.O. Box 8095 / San Diego, CA 92102 / (619) 233-
7279." Underneath the left corner the address reads, "A Project of Union del Barrio." In the
bottom center is a bust of a man wearing a feathered piece of headwear. The print is black
on grey.
item 14.
Lopez, Yolanda; Woman's Work Is Never Done ; 1996; photo silkscreen; image size: 20" x 16"; paper size: 25" x 24"
Record Number: 7
Physical Description: 3/45; signed
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
This is a silkscreen color print of two young women standing together. There is
an orange print background of women in an older time period (1920s?) protesting for
women's suffrage as a backdrop. The caucasion woman on the left is Amy Biehl; the black
woman on the right is her South African friend, possibly Melanie Jacobs. On the white
woman, a small blue bar of text above the pocket of her denim jacket reads, "Your vote has
Power." The text surrounding the women on the sides of the picture read: left, "From:
South Africa to North America" right: "Amy Biehl --Melanie Jacobs ; bottom, "Woman's
Work is Never Done." The artist has signed her name in pencil at the bottom.
item 15.
Lopez, Yolanda; Your Vote Has Power; 1997; silkscreen; image size: 22 1/2" x 20"; paper size: 25" x 22"
Record Number: 10
Physical Description: 4/20; signed
Location: CEMA-Lopez
Comments:
The center image is a young woman (possibly South American) with a baby on
her back. The woman's hair is in a braid and wraps partially around her neck. These human
forms are colored red. The young woman stuffs paper into a ballot box. She is wearing a
black hat with unintelligible logo and dark sweater and a white backsack to carry the baby.
The form of the woman carrying the baby is surrounded by yellow. At the top, white text in
black box reads, "Your Vote has Power," with a white "X" enclosed in box image. On the
bottom, white text in red box reads, "Woman's Work is Never Done," next to a black "X"
in white box. In lower right of poster in white reads "Yolanda 1997."
