Guide to the Okhrana records

Box: 1-3

I. History of the Okhrana

Scope and Contents Note

The Okhrana records do not contain statute books giving the legal provision of the agency or printed materials on its establishment and growth. The Special Corps of Gendarmes publications that comprise part of this file, however, give frequent references to pertinent legislation. The collection of annual Vedomost' and Obzor, large volumes covering the period 1887-1901, while intended for the purpose of briefing Okhrana personnel, present the intelligence service by guberniia and illustrate the history of the Okhrana within the empire. The yearly volumes of the Vedomost' (Reports of the Findings of the Imperial Gendarmerie Concerning Offenses Against the State) cover the period from 1887-1897 (with volumes 1892-1894 bound together with the volumes of the Obzor). The Obzor (Review of Important Findings of the Gendarmerie) covers the years 1892-1901.

Another printed item included under this index is the 1894 Zapiska (a report on the political situation in Poland), which gives Okhrana accounts by guberniia. A short history of the Okhrana abroad is also given in the notes of principal agent Marcel Bittard-Monin, while the small number of documents under this topic serve as a sampling of early operations or as a reference to the laws concerning the service.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 1-11

Vedomost' doznaniam, proizvodishimsia v zhandarmskikh upravleniakh Imperii po gosudarstvennym prestupleniam 1887-1897

Index I, Folder 1

Volume XII 1887

Note

Available on microfilm reel 4

Index I, Folder 2

Volume XIII 1888

Note

Available on microfilm reel 4

Index I, Folder 3

Volume XIV 1889

Note

Available on microfilm reel 4

Index I, Folder 4

Volume XV 1890

Note

Available on microfilm reel 4

Index I, Folder 5

Volume XVI 1891

Note

Available on microfilm reel 4

Index I, Folder 6

Volume XVIII 1894

Note

Available on microfilm reel 6

Index I, Folder 7

Volume XIX 1895

Note

Available on microfilm reel 6

Index I, Folder 8

Volume XX 1896

Note

Available on microfilm reel 6

Index I, Folder 9

Volume XXI 1897

Note

Available on microfilm reel 6

Obzor vaznieishikh doznanii, proizvodivshikhsia v zhandarmskikh upravleniiakh Imperii, po gosudarstvennym prestupleniiam 1892-1901

Index I, Folder 10

Volume XVII 1892-1893

Note

Available on microfilm reel 10

Index I, Folder 11

Volume XVIII 1894

Note

Available on microfilm reel 10

Index I, Folder 12

Volumes XIX-XX 1895-1896

Note

Available on microfilm reel 8

Index 1, Folder 13

Volume XXI 1897

Note

Available on microfilm reel 8

Index I, Folder 14

Volume XXII-XXIII 1898-1899

Scope and Contents note

Includes appended alphabetical list of offenders

Note

Available on microfilm reel 8

Index I, Folder 15

Volume XXIV 1900

Note

Available on microfilm reel 9

Index I, Folder 16

Volume XXV 1901

Note

Available on microfilm reel 9

Index I, Folder 17

Memorandum of the French Minister of the Interior to the Minister of Foreign Affairs 1887

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index I, Folder 18

Background information on French Minister Lockroy 1873

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index I, Folder 19

Notes of principal non-Russian agent Marcel Bittard-Monin on the history of the Okhrana in Paris

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index I, Folder 20

News item on a meeting of security chiefs in Petersburg 1913 July

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index I, Folder 21

References to the basic law of 1896 on the maintenance of Okhrana personnel. Incoming dispatch 1904 April 20

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index I, Folder 22

Incoming and circular letters 1903, 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index I, Folder 23

Zapiska. Printed report on the political situation in Poland; Okhrana accounts by guberniias 1895

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index I, Folder 24

Reference sheet: See IIc for Obshchii sostav upravlenii i chinov otdel'nago korpusa zhandarmov

Box: 4-10

II. History of Okhrana abroad

Box: 4

a. Paris office

Scope and Contents Note

The earliest document in this series is dated 1886, the year after Petr Ivanovich Rachkovskii was sent to Paris as the representative of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (M.V.D.), or several years after his predecessor Petr Vasil'evich Korvin-Krukovskii (Pierre Newsky) was known to have acted in the Okhrana capacity in France.

Only the dispatches concerning the growth and responsibilities of the Okhrana office are included in this series. Of particular significance is Rachkovskii's letter to Fragnan, chief of the Paris police, explaining his position and responsibility as chief of the Okhrana mission in Paris. A short draft on the history of the Paris Office and activities prepared by a member of the 1917 commission which terminated the Okhrana abroad is also included.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIa, Folder 1

Incoming and outgoing Okhrana dispatches concerning the growth, responsibilities, and management of the Paris office 1886-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIa, Folder 2

Instructions for collecting military intelligence issued to Manasevich-Manuilov 1905

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIa, Folder 3

English translation of Rachkovskii's letter to Fragnan, Chief of Police of Paris, explaining his position and responsibilities as Okhrana chief in Paris 1887

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIa, Folder 4

Introductory draft on the history of the Paris Okhrana, written for publication by a member of the revolutionary investigative commission 1917

Scope and Contents Note

Includes an English translation

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIa, Folder 5

Cross-reference sheet

Reference: See IId for letter of instructions for the reorganization of the Paris Agentura, 1913

Box: 4-7

b. European and other outposts

General

General note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIb, Folder 1

Outgoing reports #1360 and #1361 on the organization of surveillance according to new principles 1913

Scope and Contents note

Includes a list of agents by country

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIb, Folder 2

Notes giving agents' names and spheres of operation by countries and targets 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIb, Folder 3

Distribution of deep cover agents of military age by countries 1914 or 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIb, Folder 4

Incoming and outgoing dispatches 1906-1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIb, Folder 5

Reference: See operational card file by countries in XIIIf(4)

Austria-Hungary

Scope and Contents Note

Proposals were made for the establishment of a separate agentura in Vienna, but no action was taken despite the fact that Russian revolutionaries in Galicia and Trieste (as described in the case of the transfer of large sums of money through a Ljubljana bank) called for some local operations. The only permanent Okhrana agent resident in Vienna was Hans Tuppinger. (See his file in IIIe, Folder No. 3)

Index IIb, Folder 1

Dispatches pertaining to operational tasks and placement of agents 1906-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Balkan Okhranka

Scope and Contents Note

The Balkan Okhrana was subject to many changes, first with an office in Romania reporting to Odessa, then changing the seat to Sofia and reporting to the Paris Office. The organization developed into a major network, with operatives in all the Balkan countries and Vienna. The documents contained in this collection cover the period from 1886 to 1906, when the Balkan Okhrana ceased as separate unit.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 11-12

Index IIb, Folder 1

Incoming and outgoing dispatches concerning the Balkan Okhranka (Bucharest and Sofia) 1886-1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 11

Index IIb, Folder 2

Operational and intelligence reports by Okhranka chief Vladimir Przhestiak (Tsitovskii) from Bucharest 1902-1903

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 3

Letters from agent Melas 1903

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 4

Letters from agent Alfredi in Romania 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 5

Letter on engaging agents on the Prut river border 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 6

Names and addreses of four Balkan Okhranka agents

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 7

Cross-reference sheet

Germany

Scope and Contents Note

Folder No. 4 contains only a small portion of the archive of the Berlin Agentura, which existed as a completely separate establishment attached to the imperial consulate from 1900 to 1904, under the direction of Arkadii Garting. He reported directly to Headquarters, but copies of all dispatches were also sent to the Paris Office. Upon liquidation, the archives of the Berlin Agentura were transferred to Paris. See particularly the separate sets of Berlin dispatches of the period in the Outgoing and Incoming volumes under XIIIb(1) and XIIIc(1). The dispatches and notes in this collection pertain to the structure and functioning of the Berlin Agentura, the agent problems after its closure, and a note relating to non-Russian agent work in Germany in 1911. For agent activities in Germany from 1905 to 1914, see folders on agents Neuhaus and Woltz in IIIe, Folder No. 3, and in VIk.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 1

Dispatches concerning the Berlin Agentura and subsequent Okhrana establishment in Germany 1900-1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 2

Letters written by agents or prospective agents after the closing of the Berlin Agentura 1905-1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 3

Reports from an agent named Hengl 1906-1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 4

Note concerning non-Russian agents' work in Germany 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 5

Reference: See reports of agents Neuhaus and Woltz from 1901-1905 in VIk

Index IIb, Folder 6

Reference: See Garting's first progress report, September 1/14, 1905, in IIa, Folder 1

Italy

Scope and Contents Note

A separate agentura responsible to the Paris Office was recommended in a 1909 dispatch. No action was taken, despite major operational tasks along the Italian Riviera, where several of the more prosperous revolutionaries had settled. Instead, the Paris Office had a continuous rotation of networks of surveillance agents in the area and operatives in contact with post offices and the police. In 1914, principal agent Invernizzi established a cover firm for Italian Okhrana agents which was administered as a separate team until the Okhrana's termination. (See also the folder in IIIg for the cover firm in Italy and other folders on Invernizzi in IIIe and VIk.)

General note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 1

Outgoing dispatch to Headquarters recommending the establishment of an agentura in Italy 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 2

Intelligence and operational reports submitted to Paris Office by principal agent Invernizzi for his team operating in Italy 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Scandinavia

Scope and Contents Note

A separate agentura was proposed for Scandinavia in 1906 to investigate arms shipments and clandestine routes. The proposal was not accepted. Agent Sambain's missions to Scandinavia developed some intelligence reporting equivalent to that of a permanent outpost. See XIc(1).

General note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 1

Dispatches recommending agentura establishments in Sweden and Norway 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Switzerland

Scope and Contents Note

Folder No. 6 contains a small number of documents referring to other European outposts. Two sets of reports from Switzerland reveal that Bogdanov was a resident agent there in 1887 and Dmitriev in 1907-1908, each reporting directly to the Paris Office. Surveillance agents, likewise, were at times resident operatives working closely with local security officers, and at times engaging them as Okhrana agents. See documents on agent Treichler in IIIe, Folder No. 3.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 1

Reports from agent Bogdanov to Chief Rachkovskii in Paris 1887

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 2

Reports from agent Dmitriev 1907-1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 3

Cross-reference sheet

United States

Scope and Contents Note

At times, a separate outpost was proposed for the United States, but never successfully. The Paris Office was on record as having no adequate coverage for revolutionaries in North America. There was some correspondence with the consular offices in the United States and reports were received from various Russian exiles. Extensive coverage came only after the dispatch of George Patrick to New York in 1912. (See folder on Patrick "Lucy" in IIIf.) The Investigation Commission of 1917 traced 11 Okhrana secret agents in the United States and Canada, according to a draft memo in this folder.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 1

Dispatch from headquarters in St. Petersburg requesting surveillance of revolutionary Govorukhin going to America 1887

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 2

Okhrana agents in America, a roster compiled by the Investigation Commission 1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 3

Reference: See folder on agent Patrick (Lucy) in IIIf

England

Scope and Contents Note

The first request of Headquarters to dispatch Paris agents to London came in 1890. Throughout the 1890s, there are records of resident secret agents, both British and Russian, but they were essentially only correspondents. At no time until 1912 did there appear anything like a regular outpost. Intelligence requirements were covered by individually engaged agents and by close liaison with Scotland Yard. When Francis Powell became a principal agent in London, the non-Russian agents came under his supervision, while Captains Dolgov and Litvin served at various times as resident case officers for the Russian secret operatives. During World War I, the Okhrana kept a resident in Newcastle to monitor arriving and departing Russian passengers.

Among the voluminous papers in this collection, Folder No. 2 contains mostly reports from the 1890s. The names of British people in the service of the Okhrana are in Folder No. 4. The folders containing agent Powell's dispatches discuss operational problems in London, instructions, monthly statements of accounts, and other materials.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 12-16

Index IIb, Folder 1

Dispatches on the placement of agents in London 1890-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 12

Index IIb, Folder 2

Reports from London agents, including Farce, on Burtsev, anarchists, Free Russia, and other early revolutionary groups 1891-1902

Note

Available on microfilm reels 12-14

Index IIb, Folder 3

French translation of news items attacking the Okhrana establishment in London 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Index IIb, Folder 4

Names of British in the service of the Okhrana 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Index IIb, Folder 5

Letters from principal agent Francis Powell concerning operational problems in London 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Index IIb, Folder 6

Letters from Chief Krasil'nikov to case officer Anton Ivanovich Litvin in London 1915-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Operational and intelligence reports from case officer Litvin in London to Chief Krasil'nikov in Paris

Index IIb, Folder 7

1915 April-September

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Index IIb, Folder 8

1915 October-December

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Index IIb, Folder 9

1916 January-April

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Index IIb, Folder 10

1916 May-November

Note

Available on microfilm reel 14

Index IIb, Folder 11

Financial statements, expense accounts, and receipts pertaining to operations of case officer Litvin in London 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 15

London office (Powell and others) monthly statements of accounts, receipts, and bills 1906-1917

Index IIb, Folder 12

1906-1915 June

Note

Available on microfilm reel 15

Index IIb, Folder 13

1915 July-December

Note

Available on microfilm reel 15

Index IIb, Folder 14

1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 15

Index IIb, Folder 15

1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 16

Index IIb, Folder 16

Receipts of individual British agents 1910-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 16

Index IIb, Folder 17

Letters of instructions from Bittard-Monin to Powell in London 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 16

Box: 7

c. Official rosters and other publications

Scope and Contents Note

The three volumes filed under this index are the only printed reference materials found in the Okhrana files. They include a book on the structure, administration, and ranks of the Corps of Gendarmes, lists of officers associated with the Okhrana abroad, and a book on rail facilities with a chapter on passenger regulations, including provisions on state security.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 16-18

Index IIc, Folder 1

Obshchii sostav upravelnii i chinov otdel'nago korpusa zhandarmov, St. Petersburg 1903 July 20

Note

Available on microfilm reel 16

Index IIc, Folder 2

Ezhegodnik Ministerstva Inostrannykh Del 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 16

Index IIc, Folder 3

Ukazatel' zheleznodorozhnykh, parokhodnykh i drugikh passazhirskikh soobshchenii 1910-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reels 17-18

Box: 8

d. Reorganization of 1913

Scope and Contents Note

The radical reorganization in 1913 of the Okhrana abroad affected mostly non-Russian agent networks. Revolutionary counterintelligence under Burtsev was never in a position to expose the identities of Russian secret agents more than one at a time, since these agents operated alone and unknown to each other. Non-Russian agents, however, usually worked in teams, so each one often knew his colleagues. Thus, when any non-Russian agent went "sour," there was the immediate danger he would betray Okhrana agents to the revolutionaries. These non-Russian agents were predominantly mercenary; some earned money from the revolutionaries after they had lost their income from the Okhrana.

In 1913 Burtsev's office was able to furnish releases to the Paris press listing the names and affiliations of most of the Okhrana's non-Russian agents. Propaganda against the Okhrana abroad led to parliamentary interpellations and general public condemnation of the "ruthless tsarist police" in France, England, Italy, and elsewhere. The Okhrana was forced to reorganize. It made public announcements of complete dissolution and went through the motions of dismissing all non-Russian agents, whether exposed to the public or not.

In the meantime, however, the Okhrana set up a cover firm in France to absorb the better operatives and set up agents in Italy, England, and elsewhere on a different, more secure administrative footing. The dispatches in this collection contain some exhaustive analysis of the operational problems as interpreted by the Paris Chief Krasil'nikov and comments received from all top officials at Headquarters.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 1

Dispatch from headquarters discussing problems prior to reorganization 1913 September

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 2

Memorandum from Chief Beletskii at headquarters stating the difficulties of the Paris Okhrana and the need for changes 1913 September 27

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 3

Telegrams and other notes regarding trips and meetings to discuss the reorganization 1913 September-October

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 4

Krasil'nikov's analysis of Paris Office investigation units; basis of proposed reorganization 1913 September 9

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 5

Outgoing dispatches to headquarters on the proposed structure of the reorganized agentura abroad 1913 August

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 6

Dispatch from Broetskii with recommendations for a cover firm to replace the direct contracting of investigation agents 1913 September 18

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 7

Letter of instructions from headquarters on the reorganization 1913 December 31

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 8

Statement signed by twenty headquarters officials informed about the change in addressing communications to the Paris Okhrana 1913 October 23

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 9

Incoming and outgoing communications pertaining to the reorganization and final accounting 1913 September-1914 February

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 10

Dispatch from Beletskii on changes required in the agentura's investigation structure 1913 November 23

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 11

Letter from agent Henri Durin in response to Sushkov's inquiries regarding dismissal and subsequent rehiring of French agents 1913 November 17

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IId, Folder 12

Reference: See Broetskii's memorandum of October 1913 for estimates of the budget of the reorganized investigation units in IVa

Box: 8-9

e. Wartime Okhrana

Scope and Contents Note

As noted in many dispatches, Okhrana activities were limited to collecting information on subversives at home and abroad, with a prohibition on collecting military intelligence. When World War I broke out, however, the Okhrana's interests were spontaneously directed to counterespionage against Germany and Austria and soon after to gathering political, economic, sociological, and military information on the Central Powers. When Allied intelligence was centralized in Paris, the Okhrana office there became one of its sources of information, with the Russian military mission in Paris as the channel of communication.

The original purpose of the Okhrana was neglected during the war due to a lack of personnel and the loss of many communication lines. Many of the non-Russian agents were drafted into Allied military service and all contacts with the experienced detectives in Berlin (Neuhaus) and Vienna (Tuppinger) were terminated. Some of the Russian secret agents were exempted from military service, but they, too, had to be spared for intelligence in connection with the war effort.

Like many other government and Allied agencies, the Okhrana moved to Bordeaux after the threat of German advance into Paris. Only a skeleton crew with a few files was left at rue de Grenelle. Krasil'nikov's dispatch to headquarters stated that his office would be at Bordeaux, with outposts remaining in Paris, London, and Bern.

Of particular interest are Headquarters circulars on the threat of internal revolutions and instructions regarding the Okhrana in wartime. Several issues on account of the war are covered, including positive intelligence tasks and running agents into Germany from Switzerland, the work of the revolutionaries for Germany, and the attempted mutiny of the SS Askold in Toulon.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 19-20

Index IIe, Folder 1

Headquarters circulars on the internal revolutionary threat in Russia during wartime 1914-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 2

Headquarters circulars on reorganization and changes in the Okhrana during wartime 1914-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 3

Headquarters circulars on subversive groups (Jewish Bund, Social Democrats, etc.) and on individual revolutionary activities in wartime 1914-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 5

Outgoing report from Krasil'nikov to Petersburg re: wartime reorganization of the Okhrana with headquarters in Bordeaux and outposts in Paris, Bern and London. Assignment of case officers 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 6

Dispatches and notes in connection with moving the Okhrana office from Paris to Bordeaux and back to Paris; costs, inventory of furnishings, transfer of intelligence records 1914 August-1915 March

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 7

Telegrams from Krasil'nikov in Bordeaux 1914 August-December

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 8

Outgoing dispatches referring to the war and to revolutionaries as targets in time of war 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 9

Deciphered telegrams concerning personnel needs in time of war 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 10

Headquarters circulars on the position of agents who are subject to military service 1914 August-September

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 11

Dispatches and telegrams concerning agents exempt from military duty; operational difficulties due to the removal of agents; transfer of Counselor Iosefovich 1914-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 12

Names of French agents remaining in the service of the Okhrana 1914 October

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 13

Communications obliging Okhrana officials for contributions for the war effort 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 19

Index IIe, Folder 14

Statements of the French Ministry of War on Russian volunteers killed in action 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 20

Index IIe, Folder 15

Records on individual Russian subjects evading military service 1915-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 20

Index IIe, Folder 16

Positive intelligence reports from Okhrana agents in Germany 1915-1916

General note

See also report on Paris Okhrana agent in Germany, 1916, in VIIc

Note

Available on microfilm reel 20

Index IIe, Folder 17

Dispatches and reports from agent "Lebuk" (Sanvelov) to the Russian military attaché in Switzerland 1915-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 20

Index IIe, Folder 18

Wartime reports of agent "Amerikanets" (Popov) concerning political situations, the Balkans, etc. Report on the German Social Democratic Party 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 20

Index IIe, Folder 19

Investigation reports and notes concerning an attempted mutiny on the Russian cruiser Askold in Toulon harbor 1916

General note

See also XIIb

Note

Available on microfilm reel 22

Index IIIb, Folder 6

Papers pertaining to Krasil'nikov's position as chief of the Paris Okhrana (from 1910-1917) 1912-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 22

Index IIIb, Folder 7

Dispatches concerning the assignment and responsibilities of staff officials and case officers 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 22

Index IIIb, Folder 8

Notes and dispatches of Acting Chief Captain Andreev 1908-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 22

Index IIIb, Folder 9

Letter from case officer Aleksei D. Arbuzov to Krasil'nikov 1914-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 22

Index IIIb, Folder 10

Mikhail Barkov, case officer 1894-1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 22

Index IIIb, Folder 11

Mikhail Bobrov, temporary case officer 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 22

Index IIIb, Folder 12

Captain Dolgov, case officer 1909-1910

Note

Available on microfilm reels 22-23

Index IIIb, Folder 13-18

Lt. Col. Erhardt, staff agent in charge of secret agents 1910-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 23

Index IIIb, Folder 19

Lt. Col. von Kotten, staff agent in charge of secret agents 1910, 1914

Scope and Contents Note

Includes his Okhrana service records from Moscow and medical statement after the attack on his life

Note

Available on microfilm reel 23

Index IIIb, Folder 21

Captain Likhovskii 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 23

Index IIIb, Folder 22-23

Captain Anton Ivanovich Litvin, staff agent, case officer for London operations 1912-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reels 23-24

Index IIIb, Folder 24-26

Lt. Col. Lustig, staff agent 1912-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 24

Index IIIb, Folder 27

Lt. Col. Martynov, staff agent 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 24

Index IIIb, Folder 28-29

Captain Rek ("S. Repin"), staff officer and deputy to Lt. Colonel Erhardt 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reels 24-25

Index IIIb, Folder 30

Ivan F. Manasevich-Manuilov, staff agent 1903

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIb, Folder 31

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 12-13

c. Officials and clerical personnel

Scope and Contents Note

Like their chiefs, the employees assigned to the Paris Office by Headquarters usually enjoyed a long, permanent tenure as in the cases of Mel'nikov, Chashnikov, Molchanov, and Bobrov. Each had his specifically assigned duties relative to the official rank of "gubernskii sekretar'" or the equivalent. Permanency of tenure was enhanced by language and area requirements. Long years of service abroad made the officials good linguists, the main qualification for translators of raw reports from non-Russian agents. When an official wanted to marry a foreign national, the spouse had to have a security check, and approval had to be granted by the Okhrana Director in St. Petersburg (as in Mel'nikov's case).

The employees received bonuses for Christmas and other holidays as well as sick pay. They were also awarded medals for long term service or other distinctions. When under suspicion with regard to loyalty, they were placed under watch and surveillance (see folder 14 on Sushkov).

General note

Available on microfilm reels 25-27

Index IIIc, Folder 1

Dispatches and other notes related to permanent officials and clerks of the Paris Okhrana office 1890-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIc, Folder 2-3

Mikhail Bobrov, secretary 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIc, Folder 4

Nikolai N. Chashnikov, for many years clerk, then pensioner of Paris Okhrana 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIc, Folder 5

Mariia Fedorova, correspondence clerk 1910-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIc, Folder 6

Leontii Gol'shman, clerk 1916-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIc, Folder 7

Iu. Iozefovich, in charge of accounts 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIc, Folder 8

Georgii Kozhanov, clerk 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 25

Index IIIc, Folder 9-12

Ivan Semenovich Mel'nikov, in charge of records 1907-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reels 25-26

Index IIIc, Folder 13

Ivan M. Molchanov, administrative officer 1907-1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 26

Index IIIc, Folder 14-17

Boris Sushkov, deputy to the Paris chief 1908-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 26

Index IIIc, Folder 18-19

Nikolai Volokhovskii, Paris Okhrana secretary 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 27

Index IIIc, Folder 20

Aleksandr Konstantinov Il'in, registry clerk 1907, 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 27

Index IIIc, Folder 21

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 13-14

d. Use of diplomatic and other status

Scope and Contents Note

The Okhrana developed a policy against the use of diplomatic, consular, or military attaché covers for its office personnel or Russian agents abroad. It expressly forbade non-Russian agents from making any allusions to Russian diplomatic missions abroad and permitted them, only in exceptional cases, to admit connection with the Russian special police of the M.V.D.

The documents contained herein pertain mostly to agent and case officer Mikhail Nikolaevich Barkov, operating in Germany under the cover of a consular officer in Berlin. As distinct from the Paris center, the Berlin agentura was housed in the office of the consulate, as set up by Arkadii Garting in 1901. When Garting left in 1905, the Berlin agentura was officially terminated and its files transferred to the Paris center. However, Barkov, Garting's chief deputy in Berlin, remained in the consulate there to continue under that cover as case officer for the non-Russian agents in Germany.

Diplomatic and consular offices were also used as cover for Okhrana operatives in the Balkan countries. (See the folders in IIb on the Balkan Okhranka.) In other countries of Europe, Okhrana operatives found operational support and exchanged information. However, this relationship was not formalized and was dependent mostly upon personal contact between the principals of the Okhrana with the chiefs of the diplomatic and consular missions. (See folders under Index Number Vg.)

General note

Available on microfilm reels 27-28

Index IIId, Folder 1

Note on the disposal of the papers of agent Mikhail Nikolaevich Barkov, engaged under consular cover in Berlin

Note

Available on microfilm reel 27

Index IIId, Folder 2

Barkov's passport, bankbook, police certificate, and photographs

Note

Available on microfilm reel 27

Index IIId, Folder 3

Barkov's notebooks with addresses of his subordinate and cooperating agents, official and other contacts in Germany and Denmark, and the names and locations of revolutionaries

Note

Available on microfilm reel 27

Index IIId, Folder 4

Letters, telegrams, and notes from agent Barkov's folder re: personal affairs and intelligence matters 1889-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 27

Index IIId, Folder 5

Letters containing operational and intelligence information, mostly from Barkov in Berlin to Garting in Paris 1906-1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 27

Index IIId, Folder 6

Letters from agent Barkov undated

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIId, Folder 7

French and German newspaper clippings, kept by agent Barkov, on Russian espionage in Germany, and on terrorists 1904-1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIId, Folder 8

Receipts 1904-1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIId, Folder 9

Reference: See also file Vg, "Relations with missions abroad"

Box: 14-20

e. Investigation agents and teams - French and other European

Scope and Contents Note

The collection of non-Russian agent rosters compiled under No. 1 of this index ranges from 1905, when Chief Garting greatly expanded the use of French and other Western detectives for investigation work, to 1913, when all non-Russian agents were publicly dismissed. Most of the rosters were maintained by the Okhrana's principal non-Russian agent in Paris, Marcel Bittard-Monin. His rosters and lists were compiled for bookkeeping purposes and also as operational guides. Some rosters contain agent groups by areas, others by target or investigation as assigned. Much of this roster compilation entailed notations on changes of operational schemes: an agent assigned one week with a team in the Italian Riviera may be sent the following week to track a terrorist in Germany and the next week to protect a high dignitary. Thus, the rosters with all the entered notations were subject to constant amendments, and an overall review of the Okhrana's agent teams can be possible only by the study of the rosters through the entire period covered.

The long list of folders on individual non-Russian agents, collected under No. 3 of this index, represents the bulk of this group of documents. 122 dossiers are arranged in alphabetical order; records may contain one note on the agent or a hundred. This collection of agent dossiers was started by Marcel Bittard-Monin in his office at Rue Chomel in Paris. His original folders on subordinate agents have been retained; each contains the uniform table of information on the first page of the dossier's hard cover, giving the agent's full name, origin, age, background, record of service, and decorations. The contents of each dossier also include, where available, papers on the agent's recruitment, evaluation, effectiveness, security breaches, promotion, dismissal, pension, etc. (Records of actual agent accomplishments, problems in handling him, and intelligence reports may also be found under VId, VIj, or VIk.)

Bittard-Monin's folders in this collection and the folders containing instructions to subordinate agents constitute another significant section under this topic (IIIe). Folder No. 8 contains Monin's intelligence and operational communications concerning a major investigation in Italy in 1911, while folder No. 9 holds Monin's instructions from his Paris office to 53 subordinate agents and team leaders in all parts of France, Switzerland, Italy, Germany, and England, all of them subject to frequent change of locale and even country.

Some of the folders give specific information on the method of assigning investigation teams in the south of France, Switzerland, or northern Italy; others show the distribution and placement of agents on tasks insuring proper security for traveling imperial personages. Where the agent was completely stationary, as in the case of Treichler, a Swiss police official (see folder No. 15), the operational and intelligence documents likewise reveal their methods.

Long-term non-Russian agents sent on investigation and surveillance jobs were given a simple cipher for encoding and decoding messages. This was in addition to instructions on code words and "double talk" terms used for sensitive passages in telegrams and written messages. (A card with the printed cipher is in folder No. 10. For samples of various ways of encoding messages, see the reports of non-Russian agents under VIj and VIk.) Records indicate that Bittard-Monin enjoyed a high degree of confidence on the part of his employer, Paris Okhrana Chief Krasil'nikov. Folder 21 contains Monin's communications to him, while Krasil'nikov's notes and directives to Monin may be found in XIIb.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 28-38

Rosters of non-Russian agents: investigators, detectives, and surveillance personnel engaged by the Okhrana abroad 1905-1913

Index IIIe, Folder 1a

Rosters giving the names of agents, their pay, and their expenses when Garting took over as Chief of the Paris Okhrana 1905-1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 1b

Names and addresses of the principal investigation agents 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 1c

Book listing the agents who were directed by Marcel Bittard-Monin 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 1d

Book of agents, surnames only 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 1e

Lists of names and locations of agents with their targets and pay 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 1f

Book of names and addresses of the agents 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 1g

Book of agents with a two page background on each 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 2

Règlements généraux. 5 folios of detailed monthly accounting on the money received from Krasil'nikov; includes signatures of agents for money received 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 3

Agent dossiers 1887-1914

Index IIIe, Folder 3

Aebersold-Berthold

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on Jean Aebersold, Aubert, Auby, Bades, Barlet, Aime Barthes, Bauer, and Armand Berthold

Note

Available on microfilm reel 28

Index IIIe, Folder 3

Bittard-Couvrat

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on Marcel Bittard-Monin, Bocquet, Marius Boniol, Pierre Bouteillier, Charles de Breyne, Alfred Brunner, Charlotte Bullier, Luigi Capusso, E. Caumeau, Rene Cazayus, Charles Charlet, Coquelin, Raoul Corrot, Cotta, and Couvrat

Note

Available on microfilm reel 29

Index IIIe, Folder 3

David-Fontaine

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on Etienne David, Deguerre, Dejour, Charles Delangle, Emile Demaille, Jules Decluseaux, Desvernine, Alexandre Ditchescoulo, Auguste Dore, Berthe Drouchot, Dupont, Durafour, Robert Durand, Henri Durin, Gabriel Dussaussois, E. Farce, J. Fehrenbach, Fernand Feuger, Fleury, and Madame Fontaine (Dedienne)

Note

Available on microfilm reel 30

Index IIIe, Folder 3

Fontana-Hébrais

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on Jean Louis Fontana, Arturo Frumento, Gaudinot, Georges, Luigi Giani, Georges François Godard, René Gottlieb, Groussot, Paul Hamard, Halphen, Jules Hansen, and Hébrais

Note

Available on microfilm reel 31

Index IIIe, Folder 3

Hennequin-Lavallée

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on Edmond Hennequin, W. Henninger, Charles Henry, Eugène Invernizzi, Jacquet, Oscar Jaton, Georges and Raoul Jollivet, Robert Kaspar, Alexander Kerr, Lacoste, Laizier, Bernard Laurent, and Pierre Lavallée

Note

Available on microfilm reel 32

Index IIIe, Folder 3

Leblanc-Leroy

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on Nicholas Leblanc, Eugène Lecointe, A. Legrand, Lemand, Georges Léon, Francesco Leone, and Maurice Leroy

Note

Available on microfilm reel 33

Index IIIe, Folder 3

Leuthold-Richard

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on A. Leuthold, Eugène Lévêque, Alexandre Lodie, Léon Magadieu, Heinrich Neuhaus, Léon Otte, Henri Ozanne, Francesco Pavesi, Pernet, J.P. Pertinac, Petry, August Pouchot, Francis Powell, Powells, Preneron, Raphael, L. Raymond, Ernest Riant, and Gabrielle Richard

Note

Available on microfilm reel 34

Mixed materials (3) IIIe

Rime-Woltz

Scope and Contents Note

Contains dossiers on Georges Rime, Robert Riot, Jean Robail, Adolphe Roselli, Anatole Rougeaux, Rubrick, Albert Sambain, Alphonse Sauvard, Edouard Marius Schmidelin, Sérose, Strasen (Thomsen), Ernest Tarissan, Paul Tellier, René Thomas, Michael Thompson, Michael Thorpe, Mme. Tiercelin, Treichler, Hans Tuppinger, Vincenzo Vizzardelli, Maurice Vogt, and Karl Woltz

Note

Available on microfilm reel 36

Index IIIe, Folder 4

Headquarters circulars relating to foreign and investigation agents 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 35

Index IIIe, Folder 5

Paris Okhrana circulars to agents regarding their status, cover, salaries, etc. 1910-1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 35

Index IIIe, Folder 6

Dispatches on the assignment of non-Russian agents, the defection of Leroy, difficulties of investigation, and proposed changes 1910-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 35

Index IIIe, Folder 7

Letters and telegrams of instruction from Chief Krasil'nikov to Bittard-Monin 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 35

Index IIIe, Folder 8

Marcel Bittard-Monin, in charge of the Okhrana's non-Russian agents; communications of a special team of agents dispatched to Italy in August 1911 for a major investigation task on the Socialist Revolutionaries 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 35

Index IIIe, Folder 9

Collected instructions from Bittard-Monin's office in Paris to his subordinate agents 1912

Scope and Contents Note

Includes instructions to Jean Aebersold, Barlet, Aime Barthes, Armand Berthold, Henry Bint,Marius Boniol, Pierre Bouteillier, Buckland, Rene Cazayus, Charles Charlet, Etienne David, Charles Delangle, Berthe Drouchot, Henri Durin, Gabriel Dussaussois, E. Farce, Fernand Feuger, Fleury, Jean Louis Fontana, Arturo Frumento, Gottlieb-Godard team, Paul Hamard-Fontaine, Edmond Hennequin, Charles Henry, Eugène Invernizzi, Oscar Jaton, Georges Jollivet, Mme. Langbard, Bernard Laurent, Georges Léon, A. Leuthold, Eugène Lévêque, Alexandre Lodie, Heinrich Neuhaus, Léon Otte, Palfrene, August Pouchot, Francis Powell, Preneron, Gabrielle Richard, C. Rigault, Georges Rime (Coussonnet), Robert Riot, Adolphe Roselli, Anatole Rougeaux, Albert Sambain, Alphonse Sauvard, Michael Thorpe, Mme. Tiercelin, Treichler, Hans Tuppinger, Vincenzo Vizzardelli, Maurice Vogt, and Karl Woltz

Note

Available on microfilm reels 35 and 37

Index IIIe, Folder 10

Formal assignment of investigation teams along the Italian Riviera 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 37

Index IIIe, Folder 11

Reports from Bittard-Monin's special team sent to investigate Burtsev's journey to and activities in Italy 1912 November

Note

Available on microfilm reel 37

Index IIIe, Folder 12

Monthly accounts of the cover agency directed by agent Eugene Invernizzi in Italy 1915-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 37

Index IIIe, Folder 13

Instructions from Bittard-Monin to agent Invernizzi concerning the establishment of a private bureau serving the Okhrana in Italy; termination of the service in Rome 1914-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 14

Reports and accounts of the investigation agency for Invernizzi's team in Italy 1913-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 15

Operational and intelligence reports from Swiss police officer William Treichler's team in Switzerland 1911-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 16

Reports on the organization of surveillance on the occasion of the Tsar's visit to Berlin 1913

Note

For similar organization of teams, see XVd

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 17

Reports and letters of Maurice Vogt and his team in southern France 1911-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 18

Cipher given to investigation agents for communications 1912-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 19

Notes concerning Bittard-Monin's accounts with the banks 1910-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 20

Copies of telegrams sent by Bittard-Monin to Chief Krasil'nikov 1910-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 21

Notes and drafts of communications by Bittard-Monin 1910-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIe, Folder 22

Cross-reference sheet

Index IIIe, Folder 23

Reference: See Bittard-Monin's manuscript, "La Confédération générale du travail," 1914, in XVIIs

Index IIIe, Folder 24

Reference: For reports from Charlotte Bullier and Burtsev's letters to her, see XVIId

Box: 21-25

f. Deep cover agents

Scope and Contents Note

Folder No. 1 of this series contains abstracts on 215 Okhrana deep cover agents. This version in English was prepared in 1962, before the files were organized, and is therefore incomplete, useful only as a guide for further study on Russian agents operating in Europe. As part of this compilation in English, Folder 38 contains some 550 index cards, kept in a 3" x 5" file. These cards are not for reference purposes to other folders, but handy for identification. In alphabetical order according to all true and assumed names, each card gives the equivalent name or names used by the agent, by the Okhrana for cover or security purposes, or by the revolutionaries among whom the agent operated.

Folder No. 5 contains abstracts, with information on the Okhrana's secret agents, prepared by Valerian Agafonov, member of the Investigation Commission sent to Paris in 1917 by the Provisional Government. It is sketchy, but of significance, since it served as a basis for Agafonov's book, Zagranichnaia Okhranka, published in St. Petersburg in 1918.

Folders Nos. 9 through 36 contain, in alphabetical order, documents on 139 secret agents, assigned abroad by Headquarters or by provincial Okhrana offices in Russia, with or without the approval of Headquarters -i.e., all Russian agents for whose operations abroad the Paris center or its staff agents were administratively responsible. Pertinent papers on many of these agents are missing. Some records contain only a name, code name, or alias or some reference to operational communications. It is possible that many of these records were removed by Agafonov or other members of the 1917 Commission for personal or official uses.

A number of papers pertaining to this group of agents are also located under Index Numbers XIa and Xlb, which contain documents on double agents and penetration agents. In a sense, the great majority of the Okhrana's secret operatives were penetration agents. The criterion for engaging them was usually their ability to attain and keep access to revolutionary groups. Unless the individual had good prospects to join the revolutionaries and work with them, he was not considered for employment.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 38-48

Index IIIf

Typed abstracts in English on 215 deep cover agents (sekretnie sotrudniki)

Index IIf, Folder 1a

A-K

Note

Available on microfilm reel 38

Index IIIf, Folder 1b

L-Z

Note

Available on microfilm reel 39

Index IIIf, Folder 2a-2b

Duplicates

Index IIIf

Four alphabetical lists of secret agents

Index IIIf, Folder 3a

a. Alphabetical by pseudonyms and true names only

Note

Available on microfilm reel 39

Index IIIf, Folder 3b

b. Names and identifying data (Investigation Commission worksheet) 1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 39

Index IIIf, Folder 3c

c. Galley proof of the above list

Note

Available on microfilm reel 39

Index IIIf, Folder 3d

d. Agent code names and abbreviations for messages

Note

Available on microfilm reel 39

Index IIIf, Folder 4

Photographs of secret agents

Note

Available on microfilm reel 39

Index IIIf, Folder 5

Typed abstracts on 49 secret agents 1917

Scope and Contents Note

Apparently by Agafonov in 1917, since all these texts appeared verbatim in his book Zagranichnaia Okhranka, 1918

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 6

Worksheets on the assignment of secret agents 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 7

Dispatches regarding the exemption of secret agents from military service 1908, 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 8

Dispatches concerning secret agents, referring to two or more persons, on general matters 1902-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Deep cover agents by name

Scope and Contents Note

Includes dispatches, correspondence, intelligence reports, telegrams, photographs, Headquarters circulars, notes, and clippings

Index IIIf, Folder 9

Abramov, code name "Maksim," pseudonym "Krivtsov" 1894

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 9

Abramov, Isaak Leontievich, pseudonym "Germain" or "Zhermen," "Isaev," "Charpentier" 1907-1917

Scope and Contents note

Includes 3 case reports about him and 60 intelligence reports by him

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 9

Acket, A.G. 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 9

Albaum (also Elbaum), Kalman Khaimov, code name "Corpulent" 1910-1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 9

Alberti, Genrikh Genrikhov 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 9

"Alfredi," true name not established 1905

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 9

Ankerman, Wulf Zalmanov, code names "Belii" and "Fayvel-Tokar'" 1909-1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Baikovskii, Nikolai, code name "Guichon" 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Barkov, Mikhail 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Beitner, Lev Dmitriev, aliases "Levushka," "Moskvich," "Kraftov," and "Kyung" 1903

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

"Belov," code name only

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

"Belozerskaia," code name only

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

"Blits, Aleksandr," code name only

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Blokhin, Vasilii Grigorievich, pseudonym "Bartenev," code name "Eniseiskii," revolutionary alias "Sibiriak" 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Blum (Bloom), code names "Rakhmetov" and "Lomov"

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Briandinskii, Matvei, pseudonyms "Krapotkin," "Viatkin" and "O. duPerrier" 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Brodski, Boleslaw 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Brontman, E. Gershkovich, code names "Niel," "Permiak," "Khitrii," and aliases "Naum," "Tovarishch Sasha," "Aleksandr Etr" 1911-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 10

Brzozowski, Stanislaw Valentevich, code names "Maevski" and "Poniatovski" 1909-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 11

Chinekova, Khaia 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 11

Chizhikov, Boris (Berko), code name "Iost," pseudonym "Neudorf" 1902-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 11

Cielecki, Alexandre 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 12

Demetrashvili, Andrei Gavrilovich, code names "Skoss," "Maloross," and "Ross" 1913-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 12

Dlikman (Glikman), Movsha Mordkov, code name "Ballet" 1907-1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 12

Dobroskokov 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 40

Index IIIf, Folder 13

Dolin, Ventsion Moiseev-Moshkov, code names "Lenin," "Aleksandrov," "Sharl'," "Polonski," passport names Heichsberg and Eisenberg 1909

Scope and Contents note

Includes notes and reports on his work abroad and in Russia as a double agent for the Germans

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 13

Dorozhko, Fedor, code names "Moliere" and "Clermont" 1907-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 13

Drezner, Ilia

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 14

Edelstein, Vladimir Iudov, pseudonym "Troitsin" 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 14

Erofeev, Leonid Mikhailov, code name "Falstaff" 1913-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 14

Eropkina, Matrena Trofimova (mistress of agent Brontman) 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 14

Evalenko, Aleksandr Martov, code names "Surin" and "Sergeev," pseudonyms "Ivanchenko" and "Kuznetsov" 1894-1911

Scope and Contents note

Includes intelligence reports from New York

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 15

"Fedorov," true name not recorded 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 15

Feldman, record of name only 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 15

Finkelman, Leiba Peisakhov, pseudonyms "Lerner Pinkhas" and "Rakovskii"

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 15

Fleishman, Abram Simon, code name "Alma," pseudonym "Luchinetskii" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 15

Fudim, code names "Plemianik" and "Anri" 1905

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 16

Germand, Isaak Naumovich, code names "Adolf" and "Kosmopolit," pseudonym "Orlovskii" 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 16

Ginsberg, Pavel, code name "Valerian" 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 17

Goldendakh, Evgenii Iulievich, code name "Das," pseudonym "Poznanskii" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 17

Goncharov, Iakov Dementiev, code name "Ivanenko" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 17

Grunbaum, alias "Monser" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 18

Gudin, Vasilii Grigorievich, code name "Nei" and pseudonym "N. Chuzhak" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 41

Index IIIf, Folder 19

Herzig, Boris Iakovlev, pseudonyms "Dmitrii Bekchiev" and "Danchik" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 42

Index IIIf, Folder 19

"Iris," no true name 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 42

Index IIIf, Folder 19

Jacobson, Georges, code names "Corbeau" ("Korbo") and "Voronov," pseudonym "Mikhnevich" 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 42

Index IIIf, Folder 19

Jenken (Enken, Zhenken): record of name only 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 42

Index IIIf, Folder 20

Joulia (Zhulia), Liubov (Aimee), code name "Jourdain" 1909-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 42

Index IIIf, Folder 21

Kagan, Ilia, pseudonym "Nikolai Chekan," code name "Serezh" 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 42

Index IIIf, Folder 21

Kaplun, Boris, code name "Petrov" 1906-1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 42

Index IIIf, Folder 22

Kensitski, Mechislaw, code name "Mietek," pseudonym "Ivanovich" 1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 22

Khamchik, Boleslaw Antonov, code names "Molodoi" and "Le Jeune" 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 22

Kheev, code name "Mikhnev" 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 22

Kogan, Boris Veniaminovich, code names "General" and "Aleks," names for correspondence "Demidov" and "Petrov," and pseudonym "Andrey Andersen" 1910-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 22

Kokochinskii, Ignatii Moshkov, code name "Gretchen," alias "Pavel" 1912-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 23

Koraev, A. 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 23

"Kozlov," true name not recorded 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 23

Kozlov, Vladimir Timofeev, code name "Uiarskii" 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 23

Krevin, Wilhem Ianov, code name "Mars" 1910-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 23

Kuranov, Mikhail, code name "Mont," pseudonyms "Serebriakov" and "Visotskii" 1912-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 23

Kurianskii, Gersh Shliomovich, code names "Karno," Sachkov," and "Maks," passport name "Grigorii Svetlitskii" 1905-1918

Note

Available on microfilm reel 43

Index IIIf, Folder 24

La Cotta, name for correspondence "G. Biesinski" 1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 24

Lauter

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 24

Lebedev 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 24

Lemerov 1905-1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 24

Lisovskii, Ivan Ivanovich, code names "Belkin," "Levitskii," and "Tsipin" 1908-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 24

Lvov, Fedor 1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 25

Malankiewicz, Boleslaw, code name "Wierzbicki" 1892

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 25

Manasevich-Manuilov, Ivan Fedorovich 1904

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 25

Mass, Aleksandr, code name "Nikol"

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 25

Mazurenko 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 25

Melas, Grigorii Anastasievich 1905

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 25

Meltser, S. 1886-1889

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 25

Metalnikov, Nikolai Ivanoch, code name "Gushchin" 1908-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 26

Milewski, Wladislaw, code name "Agent M." 1886-1903

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 26

Model, Aaron Iakov Khaimov-Itskov, code name "Martin" 1910-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 27

Nadel, Boris 1895-1896

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 27

Orekhov

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 27

Orlov, Albert Mikhailovich, code name "Simens," pseudonym "Zuckerman" 1910-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 27

Osadchuk

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 27

Osipov-Veretskii, code name "Bernard," aliases "Ninov" and "Kliachko" 1912-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 27

"Otto" 1907-1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 44

Index IIIf, Folder 28

Patrick, George, code names "Margot" and "Never" for operations in Europe, and "Lucy" for New York 1907-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reels 45-46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Pauli

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Persitz, Isaak 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Petrova, Mariia Lvovna, code name "Julieta" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Pilenas, Peter, code name "Russell" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Pokhitonov, N.D. 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Popov, Anton Platonovich, code names "Amerikanets" and "Polnii," alias "Timofei," and pseudonym "Daniel Semenov" 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Poznanskii, Leiba (Lev) Amshaev, code name "Kodak" 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 29

Prodeus, Daniil 1886-1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Rabinovich, Georgii Ivanovich, pseudonym "Georgii Romanovich" 1906-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Rapoport, code names "Starkov" and "Zilberman," former agent offering his services from Pittsburgh 1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Rauzen, code name "Lazar" 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Recouly, Raymond, code name "Ratmir"

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Rezeler, August 1886

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Rodstein, Lazar Z., code name as Burtsev's secretary "Valerian" 1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Romanova, Avgusta Matveevna, code name "Shultz," alias "Aushka" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 30

Rusinov, Mikhail Arkadiev, code names "Prevo" and "Markin" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 31

Sanvelov, Minas Stepanovich, code names "Lebuk" and "Kozel" 1913-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 31

Savinkov, Aleksei Mikhailovich, code name "Francois" 1913-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 31

Segal, Miron, code name "Vladimirov" 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 31

Selivanov, Nikolai Petrovich, code names "Weber" and "Amurets"

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 31

Shipov, I. 1909

Scope and Contents note

Reports from Germany

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 31

Shneur (Shnour), Vladimir Konstantinovich 1910-1918

Note

Available on microfilm reel 46

Index IIIf, Folder 32

Shtakelberg, Baron Sergei Aleksandrovich, code name "Pierre," pseudonym "Bronskii," and alias "Petrovskii" 1913-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 32

Shuman, code name "Denisov" 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 32

Shuster, Ianus Erdmanov, code names "Paul" ("Pol") and "Novii" 1910-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 33

Sibiriakov 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 33

Sotnikov, Matvei, allias "Allard" and "Byvalii" 1910-1918

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 33

Staal (or de Staël), Aleksei Georgievich, code name "Zverev" 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 33

Starov, name for correspondence "Basil Solovev" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 33

Sugarman, Albert

Scope and Contents note

Reports on his exposure in London

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Tannenbaum, Melamed, code name "Naum" 1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Tchernycheff (Chernychev) 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

"Teatral" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Ternovskii, pseudonym "Belevich"

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Tomarinson, Mikhail Borisov, code names "Maksakov" and "Mekhanik" 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Tsetlin, Tatiana Maksimova, pseudonym "Maria Tsikhovskaia" 1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Usov, Sergei N., code name "Voda," pseudonym "Andrei Savron" 1909-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Vielland

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Vigdorchik 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Virovoi, Zakhar Ivan, code name "Orlik" 1911-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 34

Voskresenskii, Mikhail, aliases "Mishel'," "Popovich" and "Aleksandr" 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 47

Index IIIf, Folder 35

Wackman, Yakov Efimovich, code name "Rossini" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 35

Walbiner, Franz, pseudonyms "Zharkov" and "Zhenevets" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 35

"Warszawski" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 35

Wolf (Vul'f), A.

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 35

Wolfson, Yakov 1905

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 35

"Yost" ("Iost" and "Tetelman") 1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 35

Yurcha (Iurcha), Vasilii 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 36

Zagorskaia (or Zagorskii), Mme., code names "Sharzh'," "Sharli" and "Shalnoi" 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 36

Zhitomirskii, Iakov Abramovich, code names "Daudent" ("Dode") and "H," pseudonyms "Rostovtsev" and "Shorin" 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 36

Zinovev, Aleksandr, code names "Senator," "Moris," and "Matisse," passport name "Zolotarenko" 1908-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 36

Zlobin, pseudonym "Zaks" 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 37

Papers, mostly receipts, of case officer Litvin and his agents 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 38

Operational card index file of agent names, code names, aliases, pseudonyms, etc.

General note

See card file in box 233 or on reels 494-497

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 39

Notebook of unidentified agent in Balkans and Italy

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 40

File of true names, code names, aliases, and pseudonyms

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIf, Folder 41

Cross-reference sheet

Index IIIf, Folder 42

Reference: For telegram on agent Mikheev, see XIIIb(2), folder 4

Index IIIf, Folder 43

Reference: For the case of agent "Valerian" (Ginsberg) see IIf, folder 12

Index IIIf, Folder 44

Reference: For a collection of reports of agent Kokochinskii ("Gretchen") on Russian and Polish Social Democratic parties, see XIIIa

Index IIIf, Folder 45

Reference: For operational reports of Litvin, chief of the London agentura, handling agents "Niel," "Ney," "Weber," and "Simens," 1915-1916, see IIb, folders 7-10

Index IIIf, Folder 46

Reference: For letters and raw reports in French, Polish, and Russian by agents in London, 1891-1902, see XIIIa

Box: 25-26

g. Cover firms

Scope and Contents Note

Okhrana Headquarters was opposed to the use of private investigation agencies as an aid to its establishments abroad. When the system of handling scores of non-Russian operatives through Bittard-Monin's office in Paris collapsed as a result of exposures made by the revolutionary counter-intelligence (Burtsev), proposals were made to resort to the use of private detective agencies in Paris and other cities. Headquarters still turned down the recommendation. It was inconceivable that detectives of a private agency could perform as effectively as the directly hired agents, controlled through Bittard-Monin's office, for maintaining surveillance, reporting and receiving instructions whenever necessary, and tailing the subversives, at times all the way to the border or into Russia to "deliver" them there to authorities.

When Headquarters finally agreed on the organization of a private agency run by Bint and Sambain, both long-term Okhrana agents, it had the guarantees that the agency would be under absolute control of the Okhrana office in Paris. The act of incorporation and strict adherence to the French laws were measures taken for cover purposes, just as all the preceding acts of publicly dismissing Okhrana investigators were done for the sake of cover and, also, as a convenient opportunity, to dismiss for good the less effective oepratives.

The folders on the establishment of the "Bint and Sambain" agency contain acts of incorporation, accounts, and, by far the most interesting part, the memoranda exchanged on the matter giving opinions of the Paris and Petersburg chiefs, as also some voluminous comments of the MVD.

Another cover firm, of short duration (1910-1911) was the office of the "Police internationale autonome" in Paris. This agency proved to be inadequate and was probably responsible for one of Headquarters' prohibitions against the use of foreign detective agencies. The "Russian Imperial Financial Agency" in London served as cover for agent Palmer in 1906-1909. Agent Germain's proposal to set up a cover firm for intelligence activities in Vienna was probably never acted upon. On the other hand, principal agent Eugene Invernizzi in Italy, still reporting to Bittard-Monin's office in Paris, was delegated to establish a firm in Rome to cover the activities of some six or seven Italian agents working for the Okhrana.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 48-50

Index IIIg, Folder 1

Dispatches on the service of Okhrana agent W. Palmer with the Imperial Russian Financial agency in London 1906-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIg, Folder 2

Dispatches concerning the order from headquarters to break off with private investigation agencies 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIg, Folder 3

Dispatches on the plan for a cover agency in Italy; report of agent "Tourist" (Jollivet); dispatch on Bittard-Monin's tour in Italy 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIg, Folder 4

Dispatches regarding Vienna agent Germain's proposal to set up a cover firm for intelligence activities 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIg, Folder 5

Dispatch reporting on Krasil'nikov's search for cover firms in Paris; includes his notes on the proposed Bint and Sambain firm 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 48

Index IIIg, Folder 6-9

Bint and Sambain Firm 1913-1916

Scope and Contents note

Includes articles of incorporation

Note

Available on microfilm reel 49

Index IIIg, Folder 10

"La Police Internationale Autonome" (Marc and Georges Fourny); reports to Bittard-Monin on Russian revolutionaries; newspapers, leaflets 1910-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 50

Index IIIg, Folder 11

Reference: For Broetskii's memorandum recommending the establishment of a cover firm (1913), see IId, folder 6

Index IIIg, Folder 12

Reference: For operational reports of Invernizzi's investigation agency in Italy (1914-1915), see IIIe, folder 14

Box: 26-34

IV. Administrative

Box: 26-28

a. Budget and financial management

Scope and Contents Note

Okhrana financing in Paris was handled by the Headquarters directly, without transmittals through the diplomatic or consular mission. The Crédit Lyonnais was the principal banking agency for the transfer of funds. The practice was to submit a monthly account on expenditures, with details on recipients of the salaries and on the expenditures for the Okhrana Office personnel and other needs. Detailed accounts were also customary on non-Russian agents, expenditures for the safe houses, office, and other physical needs, while the accounts for secret agents and secret operations were noted as such, with lump sums designated for case officers accounted for without listing the names or accounting for specific operations. In rare instances, where expenditures on secret agents had to be mentioned, only code names were entered on the accounts. ; The first two folders in this collection contain largely an assortment of dispatches, such as complaints to Headquarters for irregularity in sending funds, requests for increases in appropriations, estimates, and allotments.

Accounts for each month, as well as annually on occasions, were submitted in tabular form, with columns for receipts and detailed disbursement. In Folder No. 2, the first document is a large tabular of the same accounting for 1914. Systematic monthly accounting was introduced only in 1912. Folders Nos. 6 through 15 for the period from 1912 through 1917 are organized separately with sets of final papers, often with accompanying dispatches for Headquarters, in one folder and the various work sheets for each month's accounting in another.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 50-55

Index IVa, Folder 1

Dispatches, financial reports, and other materials 1886-1916

Scope and Contents note

Includes budget estimates and requests, personnel needs, and per diem allowances

Note

Available on microfilm reel 50

Index IVa, Folder 2

Budget report 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 50

Index IVa, Folder 3

Dispatches pertaining to routine budget matters 1890-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 51

Index IVa, Folder 4

Dispatches pertaining to routine budget matters 1912-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reels 51-52

Index IVa, Folder 5

Drafts of financial reports 1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 52

Index IVa, Folder 6

Drafts of financial reports 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 52

Index IVa, Folder 7

Monthly accounting 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 53

Index IVa, Folder 8

Drafts of financial reports 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 53

Index IVa, Folder 9

Drafts of financial reports 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 53

Index IVa, Folder 10

Notes and drafts on monthly accounts 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 54

Index IVa, Folder 11

Monthly financial reports 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 54

Index IVa, Folder 12

Notes and drafts on monthly accounts 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 54

Index IVa, Folder 13

Monthly financial accounts 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 55

Index IVa, Folder 14

Notes and drafts on monthly accounts 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 55

Index IVa, Folder 15

Notes and drafts on monthly accounts 1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 55

Index IVa, Folder 16

Cross-reference sheet

Index IVa, Folder 17

Reference: See operational card index for references to financial accounting at the Paris Okhrana office

Box: 28-29

b. Salaries, subsidies, rewards, decorations

Scope and Contents Note

Despite frequent complaints from non-Russian agents in the field because of the shortage of funds or delays in salary payments, the Okhrana abroad was habitually prompt in alloting funds for salaries and other expenditures. It was generous with monetary rewards to agents who merited them and in granting pensions to retired personnel and widows of deceased agents. Some of the generosity towards retired personnel might have been attributed to security considerations, to keep content and quiet the agent dismissed from the service. The delays in salaries were often attributed to the fact that the agents were most of the time on assignments that required much travel and changes of residence. Also, they were paid through the principal agent in Paris whose office was occasionally responsible for the delays.

The first folder in this collection contains mostly dispatches relating to all types of payments and awards, thus revealing the policy in general from 1890 until the end of Okhrana operations. Subsequent folders contain various specific matters on salaries, bonuses, casual assistance, and pensions. Folder 6 contains mostly receipts of the staff agents and their financial statements, while Folders Nos. 7 and 9 are for receipts, claims, and records of payment for the non-Russian agents. Instructions on the issuance of decorations and gifts are in Folder No. 8, together with documents on individual awards to agents and employees.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 55-57

Index IVb, Folder 1

Correspondence between headquarters and the Paris office concerning decorations, bonuses, payment of agents, and personal matters 1890-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 55

Index IVb, Folder 2

Dispatches pertaining to funds transfers 1910-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 55

Index IVb, Folder 3

Dispatches concerning financial matters of Paris office personnel 1904-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 56

Index IVb, Folder 4

Accounts and dispatches acknowledging payments of deep cover agents and case officers 1903

Note

Available on microfilm reel 56

Index IVb, Folder 5

Dispatches relating to pensions and casual assistance to former agents or their widows 1895-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 56

Index IVb, Folder 6

Payments and receipts of staff agents Erhardt, Rek and Lustig 1910-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 56

Index IVb, Folder 7

Dispatches regarding salaries and travel expenses of French and Balkan agents 1903-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 56

Index IVb, Folder 8

Dispatches regarding gifts and rewards paid to agents and personnel 1890-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 57

Index IVb, Folder 9

Account and receipt books kept by principal agent Marcel Bittard-Monin for salaries of non-Russian agents 1909-1912

General note

For accounts on agents, see also individual files under IIIe, folder 3, and VId

Note

Available on microfilm reel 57

Index IVb, Folder 10

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 30

c. Expense accounts

Scope and Contents Note

The first three folders of this collection contain a considerable number of dispatches and accounting sheets. In the absence of any documents with formal instructions on the handling of expense accounts, these papers may best illustrate the procedures in the handling of accounts in overt office matters or contingent to secret operations. Much of these and subsequent materials, as in Folder No. 4, consist of loose work sheets or slips of paper used in compiling accounts.

Folder No. 5 with 433 papers arranged by years as indicated in the inventory, is an unassorted, loose collection of stray expense account slips, some undated, some with none or only a few sheets per year, with the collection for 1913 fairly complete in rendering expense accounts with folios and receipts for individual non-Russian agents. Folders No. 6 and 7 are for papers pertaining to expense accounts of the staff agents, officers Lustig, Likhovskii, Rek, and Erhardt.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 57-59

Index IVc, Folder 1

Dispatches and accounting sheets pertaining to office expense accounts 1911-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 57

Index IVc, Folder 2

Dispatches pertaining to allowances for expense accounts for office staff 1903-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 58

Index IVc, Folder 3

Dispatches pertaining to allowances for expense accounts of Russian and non-Russian agents 1906-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 58

Index IVc, Folder 4

Accounting worksheets 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 58

Index IVc, Folder 5

Agents' expense accounts 1887-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reels 58-59

Index IVc, Folder 6

Dispatches pertaining to expense accounts and per diems for Lustig and Likhovskii 1908-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 59

Index IVc, Folder 7

Dispatches pertaining to expense accounts and per diems for Rek, Lustig, and Erhardt 1910-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 59

Index IVc, Folder 8

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 30-33

d. Receipts and check stubs

Scope and Contents Note

Folder no. 1 contains dispatches and memoranda concerning funds received by the Paris Office for agents and special expenses for the period from 1910 to 1916. All other folders are statements for banking transactions, bills of the Paris Office for rent, office equipment, stationery, telephone, etc., and similar bills for Bittard-Monin's office, each set in a separate folder. The boxes numbered 8 and 9 hold postal and monetary stubs for communications and credits addressed to European countries and Russia. These small items are arranged in chronological order only.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 59-66

Index IVd, Folder 1

Correspondence concerning the receipt of funds for the Paris office 1909-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 59

Index IVd, Folder 2

Agents' travel expenses

Note

Available on microfilm reels 59-60

Index IVd, Folder 3

Banking operations in France and other countries

Note

Available on microfilm reel 60

Index IVd, Folder 4

Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office equipment, telephone, furniture, etc.

Note

Available on microfilm reel 60

Index IVd, Folder 5

Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office equipment, telephone, furniture, etc. (contd.)

Note

Available on microfilm reel 61

Index IVd, Folder 6

Expenses connected with the Paris office: rent, office equipment, telephone, furniture, etc. (contd.)

Note

Available on microfilm reel 61

Index IVd, Folder 7

Receipts from agents (Bittard-Monin)

Note

Available on microfilm reel 62

Index IVd, Folder 8

Receipts for registered mail, telegrams, and money orders paid in various European countries

Note

Available on microfilm reels 62-65

Index IVd, Folder 9

Receipts for registered letters sent to Russia (1914-1915); expense slips of surveillance agents

Note

Available on microfilm reels 62-65

Box: 34

e. Correspondence on procedures, instructions, from headquarters

Scope and Contents Note

The dispatches, memoranda, and drafts in Folder No. 1 contain various Headquarters directives on the method, form, contents, etc., necessary in the preparation of reports for Headquarters. Changes of addresses and codes for addresses are designated. The correspondence also includes tracer notes on delayed correspondence, requests for extra copies of reports for deposit in Headquarters archives, regulations on dispatches in pouches, requests for statement of sources when information has been obtained from foreign liaison, etc. Since there are no documents giving specific instructions on the handling of operational and intelligence reports, this collection may serve as an illustration of the procedures in the handling of correspondence between Headquarters and the Paris Office.

The collection in Folder No. 2, with documents dated from 1890 to 1916, holds instructions from Headquarters on procedures to follow in preparing surveillance reports, handling perlustration, writing telegraphic messages; and instructions on Paris Office procedures, office forms, searches for documents, preparation of answers to inquiries, and similar specific requests.

Folder No. 3 contains periodic tables of information requests from Headquarters, with notations of completed answers by the Paris Office, and accompanying notes in the form of accounting for which Headquarters requests for information were answered and when. Folder No. 4 contains only samples of Paris Office operational folders, with all contents removed.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 66-67

Index IVe, Folder 1

Documents pertaining to correspondence procedures, instructions from headquarters, etc. 1902-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 66

Index IVe, Folder 2

Dispatches and notes on office and surveillance procedures, instructions on the form of the reports submitted to headquarters, the composition of telegrams, etc. 1890-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 66

Index IVe, Folder 3

Record of directives and requests for information and dispatches in answer to inquiries 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index IVe, Folder 4

Folders for documents on the organization of the Okhrana abroad

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index IVe, Folder 5

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 34-37

V. Liaison

Box: 34

a. Policy of the Tsarist regime with regard to national and international security systems

Scope and Contents Note

The alert attitude of the Okhrana toward the possibility of close liaison and cooperation with the security establishments of other countries was a notable trait that distinguished the MVD agency from diplomatic, military, and other official missions of the Russian Empire. While the latter were bound by strict protocols, the Okhrana's chiefs abroad, often on a personal and friendly basis, communicated with the French Sûreté or Scotland Yard and, at the same time, with various local subordinates of the security establishments. Even the long title of the Okhrana Chief in Paris stated that he was the representative of the MVD for contact with local (security) authorities abroad.

European governments, most of which had suffered from the assassination of state leaders by anarchists and early Marxists, were as a rule quite amenable to cooperation against the essentially international terrorists. Thus, when the government in St. Petersburg took the initiative in 1904 for international cooperation against political criminals and subversives, ten countries signed the secret pact to that effect, and others followed. This step toward international security was further expanded with another pact in 1913, also signed in Russia. Liaison efforts were thus given strong official sanction.

From a more practical side, Okhrana principals abroad tried to build up close cooperation on the basis of personal contact and tokens of friendship. They saw to it that foreign security leaders were adequately rewarded with medals from the Emperor or extended other favors.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 1

Dispatches and other documents referring to liaison arrangements with the security organs of various countries 1904

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 2

Dispatch from headquarters in St. Petersburg warning against any secret conferences with the French Sûreté in matters concerning political refugees (anarchists), which only an international convention can regulate 1894

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 3

International agreement concerning the extradition and cooperation against anarchists, signed on March 14, 1904, in Petrograd; dispatches concerning ratification from the Swiss and British governments 1904, 1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 4

International action connected with the Tiflis holdup 1908-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 5

Buisson's proposal for an international action against terrorists 1890

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 6

Forms for the recipients of Russian decorations

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 7

Address book of foreign security officials

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Va, Folder 8

Cross-reference sheet

Index Va, Folder 9

Reference: For excerpts from the text of the secret agreement on anarchists in St. Petersburg with Germany, Austria, Denmark, Romania, Serbia, Sweden, Norway, Turkey, and Bulgaria, see Circular No. 3806 (1904) in XIIId(1), no. 9

Box: 34-35

b. Relations with the French Sûreté

Scope and Contents Note

The Okhrana's relations with the French Sûreté Générale and other government organs were subject to greater rises and falls in the degree of cooperation than in any other country. Intense campaigns of the revolutionaries in emigration and the supporting liberal press of France often led to attacks upon the French Parliament, with repercussions in executive arms of the government, and thus to cooling-off periods in the Okhrana-Sûreté liaison. Invariably, the efforts of the chief in Paris, state visits, some outrageous act of terror, or other causes cemented the relations again into close and, at times, truly amicable relations.

Folders Nos. 3 and 4 contain documents related to the liaison activity exchange of information and assistance in operations against the revolutionaries. Folder No. 5 contains mostly dispatches between Headquarters and the Paris Office, dealing for the most part with instructions, and suggestions regarding French liaison.

Other materials in these folders are mostly informative. The Okhrana Office kept the annuals of the French Sûreté, information on Sûreté personnel and functions for reference purposes. Some of the documents show that the Okhrana made background and character studies of French officials with whom it intended to seek cooperation. The three volumes with mounted photographs on terrorist construction use of bombs, one containing illustrations from Russian techniques, are indicative that these materials were exchanged in liaison for training purposes.

Much of the liaison exchange with the Sûreté was carried out by the office of Marcel Bittard-Monin, the Okhrana's principal agent in charge of non-Russian operatives. He and several of his subordinates were former Sûreté officials or agents. As such, they were particularly well qualified for liaison with former colleagues at almost any level of the Sûreté or police departments. The advantage of having access to police records at various local levels was realized much before the engagement of Bittard-Monin. The many thousands of biographic notes prepared in the 1890s and early 1900s by agent Fehrenbach were copied from the various police records to which he had access in Paris as in many other communities of France.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 67-69

Index Vb, Folder 1

Annals of the French Sûreté, 1910 and 1914; 1 set of addresses of police officers in Paris; 1 chart on the police network in Paris; 7 reports on French statesmen (1882-1887); and 3 old warrants from the Paris police (1858-1905) 1858-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 67

Index Vb, Folder 2

Correspondence referring to decorations and gifts to French Sûreté officials 1886-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 68

Index Vb, Folder 3

Correspondence of the Paris Okhrana with the French Sûreté 1887-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 68

Index Vb, Folder 4

Cooperation of the French Sûreté with the Paris Okhrana 1887-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 68

Index Vb, Folder 5

Dispatches and notes exhanged between headquarters and the Paris office 1893-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vb, Folder 6

Books prepared by the French Sûreté with graphic illustrations for training French policemen on the methods of the terrorists 1884-1894

Note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vb, Folder 7

Cross-reference sheet

Index Vb, Folder 8

Reference: For receipts for decorations, signed by French officials, see IVb

Index Vb, Folder 9

Reference: See outgoing telegram, April 16, 1904, reporting that Delcasse has given information about a possible assassination attempt on a Russian minister, in XIIIb(2), folder 3.

Box: 35

c. Relations with Scotland Yard

Scope and Contents Note

Liaison with Scotland Yard and other organs in Great Britain differed significantly from the liaison with the French Sûreté. There were no ups and downs or cooling-off periods, but a steady businesslike cooperation. If at all affected by the virulent attacks upon the Okhrana by such staunch and usually respectable supporters as Prince Kropotkin and his "school" or the Jewish Bund in London, the available documents do not show it. In fact, the Okhrana's liaison with the British improved over time, particularly when war broke out. Chief Krasil'nikov's friendly correspondence with Chief Quinn of Scotland Yard shows close and genuine cooperation.

Close liaison developed especially after 1912. Several of the Okhrana's British agents in London had passed away. Krasil'nikov approached Quinn to designate a capable British person to run the British agents in the surveillance of Russians in England. After due deliberation of some months, Quinn recommended one of his beat inspectors, Francis Powell, who by the end of that year became the principal agent for England. His assisting agents were all former Scotland Yard men.

Supplementary information to the contents of the folders in this collection may be found in file IIb (London outpost) and the folders on agent Powell in IIIe and VIk.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vc, Folder 1

Correspondence between headquarters and the Paris office 1890-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vc, Folder 2

Correspondence between the London police and the Paris Okhrana 1897-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vc, Folder 3

Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and the London police 1897-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vc, Folder 4

Samples of agents' reports from London 1907-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vc, Folder 5

Lists of British police officials recommended for decorations 1907-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 69

Index Vc, Folder 6

Cross-reference sheet

Index Vc, Folder 7

Reference: For address book of foreign security officials, see Va, folder 7

Index Vc, Folder 8

Reference: For agent Farce's reports from London on penetration of Scotland Yard by the Okhrana in 1905, see VIIIa

Index Vc, Folder 9

Reference: For agent Thorpe's letters from London on cooperation with the London police, 1907-1908, see VIIIa

Index Vc, Folder 10

Reference: For cooperation with Scotland Yard on the Houndsditch robbery by the anarchists, see XVIb(5), folder 1

Box: 35-36

d. Relations with the German Sicherheit

Scope and Contents Note

Because of the German federal system, a centralized liaison as in England and France could not be established. An outstanding and long term contact was maintained with the police directorate in Berlin, the head of which, Wilhelm Henninger, maintained almost regular correspondence with the Okhrana chief in Paris. The contents of his intelligence and operational notes do not reveal that he was himself a high level Okhrana agent, but they illustrate amply that he must have been a sizeable recipient of the Okhrana's benefits.

There were close relations also with police chiefs controlling special political departments in Munich, Darmstadt, and Hamburg. As far as the Okhrana was concerned, Berlin and the Prussian Sicherheitsdienst were the key liaison targets, not so much because of the concentration of the revolutionaries there, but because of the proximity of the Russian borders and overland routes for subversives, arms and literature smugglers, and terrorists.

Close cooperation in Berlin was partly the result of Garting's early efforts. He was chief of the Okhrana agentura there from 1901 to 1905 and was accredited as such by the Germans. They caused him some trouble when it was made known that, apart from liaison, Garting had under him also some German agents, but the affair was straightened out after Garting's assignment to Paris.

Folder No. 1, assorted only chronologically, contains correspondence with a large number of city and state police directorates, including samples of exchanged information on revolutionaries, smugglers of arms (Hamburg), apprehension of revolutionary bandits with marked bank notes (Munich, Berlin). Folder No. 2 has dispatches with Headquarters, dealing with liaison, while the lists of officers named for decorations and awards include primarily people on both sides of the liaison, cooperating in various tasks.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 70-71

Index Vd, Folder 1

Letters regarding correspondence with German police in various cities, including police director Henninger in Berlin and chiefs in Munich, Darmstadt, Frankfurt, etc. 1899-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 70

Index Vd, Folder 2

Dispatches between headquarters and the Paris office regarding cooperation with the German police 1901-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 70

Index Vd, Folder 3

Decorations and awards for German police officials 1890-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 70

Index Vd, Folder 4

Coordination with German security for measures taken to guard traveling Imperial majesties 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Vd, Folder 5

Drafts and letters referring to smuggling of arms into Russia 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Vd, Folder 6

Cross-reference sheet

Index Vd, Folder 7

Reference: See incoming 1904 telegram commenting on an article in Petite République denying any role in the arrests of socialists in Germany, in XIIIc(3), folder 16

Index Vd, Folder 8

Reference: For intelligence reports on arms shipments from Germany, 1906, see XXIVh

Box: 36

e. Relations with the Italian Sicurezza

Scope and Contents Note

The Okhrana's cooperation with the Italian police, intelligence, and diplomatic authorities was both overt and secret. Italy, too, was a signatory to the St. Petersburg treaty for cooperation in the suppression of subversives, and the number of Italian anarchists named in Okhrana Headquarters warning lists and on biographic cards is considerable. (Even the name of the young Benito Mussolini came into the Okhrana records.)

In Paris, liaison with the Italians was first made through the Embassy, and cooperation with the Italian Military Attaché, Wenzel (probably in the Okhrana's pay), was particularly active until his expulsion from Paris. The documents coming from the Rome and other questuras are illustrative of the exchange of information. The arrangement of Okhrana representatives with Italian local authorities, particularly the post offices in the towns of the Italian Riviera, for mail intercepts were clandestine and of course illegal, ending at times in scandal that had to be aired in the Rome parliament.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Ve, Folder 1

Correspondence between headquarters and the Paris office 1906-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Ve, Folder 2

Dispatches relating to cooperation with the Italian authorities 1902-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Ve, Folder 3

Decorations and rewards for Italian police officials 1909-1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Ve, Folder 4

Correspondence with the Italian military attaché 1909-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Ve, Folder 5

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 36-37

f. Relations with police of other countries

General note

Available on microfilm reels 71-73

Index Vf, Folder

Austria

Scope and Contents Note

Despite the fact that Austria-Hungary was partner in the pact for cooperation in combatting international terrorists, there is little trace of any liaison between the Okhrana and the Austrian services. The folders include a set of letters in which information is exchanged with the Vienna police directorate about subversives, but no instance is on record, as in the liaison with the Prussian Sicherheit, of cooperation in detecting and apprehending smugglers of bombs and terrorists on the border. As a matter of record, the Galician border was a favorite spot for illegal crossing along the Prussian border; yet, while at the latter locations, the Okhrana could frequently count on German assistance, it had to rely upon its own resources for tailing and apprehending terrorists crossing the Austrian borders.

The lack of cooperation with Austria may be attributed to mutual suspicion. Both countries had rebellious minority nationalities, and it appears that neither was unhappy over the other's problems on the identical issue. To add fuel to this embryonic cold war situation, the Okhrana frequently detected Austrian agents crossing Into Russia. (See the files on pre-World War I counter-espionage under Index Number VIIIa.)

Index Vf, Folder 1

Dispatches relating to cooperation 1886-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Vf, Folder 2

Cooperation between the Vienna police and the Paris Okhrana 1896-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Vf, Folder 3

Drafts of letters

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Vf, Folder 4

Cross-reference sheet

Index Vf, Folder 5

Reference: For address book of foreign security officials, see Va, folder 7

Index Vf, Folder

Belgium

Scope and Contents Note

The lively liaison of the Okhrana with the Belgian services had its beginnings in the mid-1890s, after the marriage of Garting, later Okhrana chief in Berlin and then Paris, to a Belgian socialite and noblewoman. Garting,an Okhrana agent since 1890, became influential among the important government circles and thus did more to insure a steady exchange of information, essentially at the top level of the country's services. Most of the bulky intelligence correspondence of the Paris Okhrana with Belgium is thus through the Director of the Sûreté Publique in the Brussels Ministry of Justice.

From the standpoint of Okhrana operations abroad, Brussels and the Belgian ports were of primary importance since much of the smuggling of arms, forbidden literature, and conspirators en route to Russia went through Belgian ports.

Index Vf, Folder 1

Correspondence with the Belgian police, requesting data on Russian revolutionaries 1896-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 71

Index Vf, Folder 2

Information on Russian revolutionaries and their organizations sent by the Belgian police 1904-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 72

Index Vf, Folder 3

Correspondence between headquarters and the Paris office 1906-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 72

Index Vf, Folder 4

Reports from Paris Okhrana agents working in Belgium 1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 72

Index Vf, Folder 5

Decorations and rewards for Belgian police officials 1896

Note

Available on microfilm reel 72

Index Vf, Folder 6

Undated notes on Russian individuals

Note

Available on microfilm reel 72

Index Vf, Folder 7

Cross-reference sheet

Index Vf, Folder 8

Reference: For address book of foreign security officials, see Va, folder 7

Index Vf, Folder 9

Reference: See report from the Russian consulate in Antwerp, February 4, 1905, in Vg.

Index Vf, Folder

Switzerland

Scope and Contents Note

The documents in Folder No. 1 contain some correspondence with the chiefs of the Swiss federal services, indicating some liaison and resulting exchanges of information at that level. The major part of cooperation, however, was at the canton and municipal police levels at Bern, Zurich, Geneva, Lausanne, and several minor communities. The most productive in obtaining intelligence on the activities of Russian conspirators, residing in considerable numbers in Switzerland,was the liaison on strictly local levels. Thousands of reports submitted by agents Bint, Woltz, and others from various Swiss cities from 1900 to 1915 are copies from the local Swiss police registers. Their access to information was on a personal, friendship, or business basis, but some intermediary through liaison at a slightly higher level than the police station counter may be spotted in the correspondence collected in the two folders. Sometimes, the liaison on this local, agent basis went even a step further. A police official was placed on the Okhrana payroll, supplying not only information on revolutionaries but assisting in operations against them. (Example: See the folder on agent Treichler, police official in Zurich, in Ille, Folder No. 3.)

Index Vf, Folder 1

Dispatches related to cooperation between the Swiss police and the Paris Okhrana 1895-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 72

Index Vf, Folder 2

Correspondence between headquarters and the Paris office related to cooperation with the Swiss authorities, including the case of the extradition of Burtsev and Krakov 1894-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 72

Index Vf, Folder 3

Cross-reference sheet

Index Vf, Folder 4

Reference: For address book of foreign security officials, see Va, folder 7

Index Vf, Folder 1

Denmark 1893-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 2

Holland 1894-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 3

Hungary 1908-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 4

Monaco 1907-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 5

Romania 1905-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 6

Serbia 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 7

Spain 1906-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 8

Sweden 1904-1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 9

Turkey 1894-1903

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 10

United States 1910, 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vf, Folder 11

Reference: For address book of foreign security officials, see Va, folder 7

Index Vf, Folder 12

Reference: For two letters sent from Sambain reporting on his talks with security chiefs in Stockholm, in June 1916, see XIc(1)

Index Vf, Folder 13

Reference: For responses in "Free Russia" and other press to the pending United States-Russia pact on the extradition of terrorists, 1893, see XVIa

Box: 37

g. Relations with missions abroad

Scope and Contents Note

The Okhrana office in Paris was located at all times in the same complex of buildings as the Imperial Embassy; the agentura in Berlin was in the house of the Imperial Consulate, and, when its staff representatives were on duty in other capitals, their office address was that of the respective diplomatic or consular mission. Administratively, Okhrana establishments abroad had nothing else in common with any other Russian mission. Operationally, they were as closed to the offices representing Russia as to any foreign office.

The correspondence in the folders of this collection does not reveal incidents of serious friction between Okhrana chiefs abroad and the diplomatic and consular representatives. Conferences on individual problems are referred to, such as the Okhrana chief's briefing on current matters. Frequently, the diplomat or consul would inquire about some applicant's loyalty or character record. Normally, inquiries and replies became part of the written record. Both Russian and non-Russian applicants for Okhrana employment usually addressed themselves to the embassy or consular office. Such and similar correspondence was turned over to the attention of the Okhrana. (See Index Nos. VIa and VIb, containing letters of prospective recruits.)

Relations with the military mission in Paris, particularly after the Allied intelligence was centralized, became close, with daily exchanges of information in matters of counter-espionage as well as other intelligence topics. (See Index No. lIe and VIIIb, on wartime counter-espionage.)

The four folders in this collection are organized as to separate correspondence with the Russian Embassy and Consulates in France, the military mission in Paris, the imperial missions in other countries, and specially with Russian missions with regard to arms smuggling.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 73-74

Index Vg, Folder 1

Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and the Russian Embassy and consulates in France 1887-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vg, Folder 2

Correspondence with the Russian military mission in Paris 1915-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vg, Folder 3

Correspondence of the Paris office with Russian foreign service posts in Stockholm, Copenhagen, and Berlin referring to arms smuggling into Russia 1905-1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 73

Index Vg, Folder 4

Correspondence between the Paris Okhrana and Russian foreign service posts in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, England, Germany, Holland, Italy, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States 1891-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 74

Index Vg, Folder 5

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 37-62

VI.Personnel administration: agents

Box: 37

a. Recruitment of Agents - Russian nationals

Scope and Contents Note

No document in this collection gives comprehensive instructions concerning the recruitment of agents. In many cases, Russian agents abroad, as a rule in the deep cover category for active participation among target groups, were sent to the field by Headquarters or by provincial Okhrana establishments to report directly back to the home units. At first the Paris Okhrana was responsible for them administratively. Gradually, agents were placed under case officers abroad for reporting and other operational control.

The Paris Office exchanged with Headquarters scores of dispatches concerning agents sent abroad who were considered ill-suited for operations for such assignments, with the result that final authority in recruitment actually came under the Paris Office or its major staff agents running secret operations.

The dispatches and other papers in Folders Nos. 1 and 2 contain communications on individuals offering services or proposed for employment. When an applicant wrote, he received no answer, whether he was considered for employment or not. If the case appeared promising, he was investigated as to his domicile, character, loyalties, or any of the aspects he introduced in his petition. If the investigation agent's report was favorable, the individual was approached casually and clandestinely, according to the circumstances in each case.

Many documents pertaining to recruitment of agents are located in the agents' dossiers. (See Index No. Illf, Folders 9-36.)

General note

Available on microfilm reels 74-75

Index VIa, Folder 1

Dispatches pertaining to the recruitment of Russian agents 1889-1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 74

Index VIa, Folder 2

Dispatches pertaining to the recruitment of Russian agents 1910-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 74

Index VIa, Folder 3

Letters from individuals offering their services to the Okhrana 1886-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 75

Index VIa, Folder 4

Dispatch from headquarters with instructions concerning sending an agent to the United States 1894

Note

Available on microfilm reel 75

Index VIa, Folder 5

Dispatch concerning the difficulty of recruiting new agents abroad and keeping deep cover agent Weber in London 1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 75

Index VIa, Folder 6

Undated notes, including two letters requesting employment

Note

Available on microfilm reel 75

Index VIa, Folder 7

Cross-reference sheet

Index VIa, Folder 8

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 30, April 24, 1903, regarding the hiring of agents by Okhrana offices, in XIIIc(2), folder 2

Box: 38

b. Recruitment of Agents - foreign nationals

Scope and Contents Note

The hiring of foreign nationals was the responsibility of the field establishment. Headquarters, which received many petitions for employment from abroad, abstained from even commenting on their merits, but forwarded all such letters to the Paris Office for consideration. Only in a few instances, as in the case of a Hungarian swindler named "Tulipan" coming with an offer to uncover a major assassination conspiracy, did Headquarters request serious exploration of the case.

Much of this correspondence came from adventurers and professional job seekers, but the Okhrana could not afford to disregard the offers completely, especially when the offers for employment suggested the uncovering of plots or information convincing enough that the applicant might have access and capability to acquire the desired intelligence information.

Kany of the offers came from private detectives and people with years of experience in investigation work. If interested, the Okhrana first tried to obtain information from the service with which the applicant had allegedly worked. More often, however, the Okhrana made a direct approach to the chiefs of services when on the lookout for agents with that qualification. Thus, it happened that most of the efficient personnel engaged by the Okhrana abroad were former investigation agents and detectives with various European services.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 75-77

Index VIb, Folder 1

Offers of services to the Okhrana: dispatches on offers received, comments, etc. 1887-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reels 75-76

Index VIb, Folder 2

Offers of services to the Okhrana: dispatches on offers received, comments, etc. 1910-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 76

Index VIb, Folder 3

Applications for work with the Okhrana 1902-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 76

Index VIb, Folder 4

Undated applications for work with the Okhrana

Note

Available on microfilm reel 76

Index VIb, Folder 5

Offers of services dropped by the Okhrana without further consideration 1887-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 76

Index VIb, Folder 6

Requests for employment; investigation reports on the applicants 1908-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VIb, Folder 7

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 38

c. Blackmail in recruitment

Scope and Contents Note

There is no record to indicate the Okhrana abroad resorting to blackmail as inducement to recruiting, as often reported by critics of the old system using such practices in Russia proper. On the contrary, the revolutionary counter-intelligence conducted by Vladimir Burtsev in Paris used such methods when detecting and exposing Okhrana agents operating among the revolutionaries. Under threat of death as a form of punishment, such exposed agents were blackmailed into participation in some dangerous terrorist task. (See XXIVa and XXIVb.)

This folder contains letters and notes on individuals who had either been in the Okhrana service or attempted to work themselves into the service or other favors by way of threats. ' Much of this correspondence was addressed to Bittard-Monin, principal agent for the handling of non-Russian personnel.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VIc, Folder 1

Letters to Bittard-Monin from unidentified people 1910-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VIc, Folder 2

Unidentified letters 1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VIc, Folder 3

Unidentified telegrams 1910-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VIc, Folder 4

Unidentified notes

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VIc, Folder 5

Various unclassified notes and letters

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VIc, Folder 6

Intercepted letters

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Box: 39-41

d. Handling of agents

Scope and Contents Note

Many general instructions on the handling of overt investigation agents and deep cover agents are contained in the directive circulars from Headquarters, collected under Index Number XIIId(l). However, certain practices in the handling of agents in Russia could not be applied in the operations abroad.

The collection under this topic is a wide assortment ranging from clear-cut instructions from case officers to subordinate agents to complaints from the field and action taken by the case officer or the chief in Paris in response to complaints. Headquarters apparently did not interfere with the details on agent handling, but often showed concern with regard to the area of assignment (see Folder No. 1).

Folder No. 2 contains communications of Russian agents in the field, including various complaints. The complaints of the non-Russian agents are located among replies, operational instructions, communications regarding salaries and assignments, etc., in Folders 3-9, which are arranged chronologically for the period from 1901 to 1917. Folders 10- 13 are on the handling of agents in England, Germany, Austria, and Italy.

Friction among non-Russian agents was almost a common occurrence. This could not be the situation among the deep cover Russian agents, who, in principle as well as in practice, did not know each other's identities. The non-Russian crews had to work in teams, but seldom for more than a few weeks at any one time. The composition of each team was in constant flux, just as the place of operation for the individual agent was subject to endless changes. At one time or another, most non-Russian agents complained about their principal agent Bittard-Monin and the leaders of the teams. These complaints were usually addressed to the Paris chief himself and, in a few instances, directly to Headquarters in St. Petersburg. Folder No. I4 is illustrative of the complaints.

Neither French nor Italian agents appeared happy when the team leader was a German -in this instance, Neuhaus, who explains his relations with other agents. French and Italian agents got along better, but there were instances where the French could not stomach their own kind. The younger set of agents considered such old-timers as Bint overbearing, and it was evident from the assignments on special, more difficult tasks that the crews usually needed a touch of coddling, with much consideration as to who might team best with whom. The team in England under Francis Powell never appeared to have personality difficulties prevalent on the Continent, but it happened that the agents there were a more cohesive and collegiate group. They were all mature men with identical, Scotland Yard backgrounds.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 77-82

Index VId, Folder 1

Dispatches pertaining to the assignment of agents in Berlin, London, and Paris 1907-1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VId, Folder 2

Letters and telegrams from Russian agents abroad 1907-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Instructions, operational notes, and other materials for agents in France and other countries

Index VId, Folder 3

1901-1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 77

Index VId, Folder 4

1912 January-May

Note

Available on microfilm reel 78

Index VId, Folder 5

1912 June-August

Note

Available on microfilm reel 78

Index VId, Folder 6

1912 September-December

Note

Available on microfilm reel 78

Index VId, Folder 7

1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 78

Index VId, Folder 8

1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 78

Index VId, Folder 9

1915-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 78

Index VId, Folder 10

Papers pertaining to the handling of agents in England 1892-1917

Scope and Contents note

See also IIIe, no. 3, for folders on agents Francis Powell and Farce

Note

Available on microfilm reels 79-80

Index VId, Folder 11

Papers pertaining to the handling of agents in Germany 1905-1914

Scope and Contents Note

See also IIIe, no. 3, for the folders on agents Neuhaus and Woltz

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 12

Letters and telegrams from agent Tuppinger in Vienna 1911

Scope and Contents note

See also IIIe, no. 3, for the folder on Tuppinger

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 13

Notes on the scandal with the Italian post office cooperating with Okhrana agents 1913

General note

For agent handling in Italy, see the folders on Capusso, Durin, Frumento, Invernizzi, Leone, and Vizzardelli in IIIe, no. 3

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 14

Agent Neuhaus's account on relations with other agents 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 15

Notes on investigation assignments for agents

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 16

Sheet of items to be noted in filing a description of an individual under surveillance, issued to all non-Russian agents

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 17

Letters from agent Bint on his assignment to Christiana 1907

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 18

Two notebooks of principal agents 1903, 1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Receipts for agent expenditures and travel accounts 1910-1917

Index VId, Folder 19

1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 80

Index VId, Folder 20

1911

Note

Available on microfilm reel 81

Index VId, Folder 21

1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 81

Index VId, Folder 22

1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 81

Index VId, Folder 23

1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 81

Index VId, Folder 24

1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 81

Index VId, Folder 25

1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VId, Folder 26

1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VId, Folder 27

Reference: See operational card index for references to dispatches pertaining to the handling of agents

Index VId, Folder 28

Reference: See directive circulars, in XIIId(1)

Index VId, Folder 29

Reference: See commendations and criticisms of the behavior of agent Henry Bint in IIIe, folder 3

Box: 41

e. Backstopping of agents, verification

Scope and Contents Note

The collection in this folder is rather meager in consideration of the emphasis and amount of effort the Okhrana placed on working out cover stories for its agents and verifying the stories where the agents themselves prepared all the alibis vis-a-vis the revolutionary groups of their assignment. As a rule, the cover story for an agent assigned abroad had its beginning in Russia. The elements of such a story always had to be at least half way true for purposes of verification by the revolutionaries, which was always taken for granted. The agent had to have a record of revolutionary background in his home community. He had to have proofs, letters of introduction or the equivalent to make it possible for him to gain access to the revolutionaries abroad. If posing as an escaped political prisoner, his mere words to that effect were quite inadequate. If he had to prove that his income abroad was from a rich uncle in Briansk, it was not enough to show the money order received; the uncle actually had to live in Briansk, for the revolutionary counter-intelligence had developed to a point where it could verify almost every such story.

In assisting with cover stories, the Paris Okhrana depended heavily on the home offices. The wartime case of double agent Dolin (alias "Lenin"), engaged by the Germans but controlled by an Okhrana case officer in Paris, is an outstanding illustration of the capabilities of the Russian service to backstop its operative by staging explosions attributed to his sabotage work for the Germans, issuing bulletins about it to the press, and providing alleged revolutionary support to satisfy the Germans about "their agent." (See Index Number Illf, Folder No. 13, on Dolin.)

General note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VIe, Folder 1

Dispatches illustrating the Okhrana's practice of backstopping agents with cover stories, verifying information, and agent reliability 1896-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VIe, Folder 2

Cross-reference sheet

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VIe, Folder 3

Reference: See IIIf, folder 13, on agent Dolin ("Lenin," "Charles")

Box: 41

f. Training and placement of agents

Scope and Contents Note

Folder No. 1 in this collection contains instructional materials for the agents. Instruktsia No. 298 gives the regulations on surveillance methods which had to be learned by the agents. Bibliographies on revolutionaries are included and briefs on Russian revolutionaries in France were required reading for agents. In addition to such briefs, important agents were given, for study and recognition, albums of photographs of the important revolutionaries.

Folder No. 2 includes dispatches and various notes relative to the training of Russian secret agents sent to Europe for the purpose of familiarizing themselves with the activities of revolutionaries abroad. Among these papers is an extensive draft commenting on the lack of qualifications of Russian agents abroad (dated July 1913). In Folder No. 3 the documents relate to the second and third tours of agent trainees sent from Russia to study revolutionaries and their activities abroad. At the end of the collection are two letters of principal agent Bittard-Monin, complaining about the behavior of Russian trainees.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 82-83

Index VIf, Folder 1

Instruktsiia no. 298 1909

Scope and Contents note

Printed regulations on the organization of surveillance work, with appended forms for making reports, including two sheets in French

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VIf, Folder 1

Brief on Socialist Revolutionaries agitating among the peasants 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VIf, Folder 1

Bibliographies of revolutionary publications kept by the Okhrana, some of which were required reading for agents 1906

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VIf, Folder 1

Rapport. Training brief on Russian revolutionaries in France 1912

Note

Available on microfilm reel 82

Index VIf, Folder 2

Dispatches concerning the training of agents 1886-1914

Scope and Contents note

Includes draft of a dispatch on the lack of qualifications of Russian agents for work in the West

Note

Available on microfilm reel 83

Index VIf, Folder 3

Dispatches and other materials relating to three tours (1911-1913) of trainees from Russia assigned abroad for study and recognition of revolutionaries 1910-1913

Scope and Contents note

Includes letters by Bittard-Monin complaining about the Russian trainees

Note

Available on microfilm reel 83

Index VIf, Folder 4

Cross-reference sheet

Index VIf, Folder 5

Reference: See intelligence summary no. 50, September 11, 1903, regarding the procedures to be followed in assigning agents on various missions, in XIIId(2), folder 2

Box: 42

g. Evaluation of agent information

Scope and Contents Note

No document is available in this collection to describe Okhrana rules or practices in evaluating intelligence information obtained from its many sources. Principal agent Bittard-Monin had his own system of analysis of raw reports for final submission to the Paris Office. (See his three notebooks in this collection.) The dispatches exchanged with St. Petersburg often refer to the evaluation, analysis, and dependability of contents and reporters. Critical analysis of certain reports may be observed also in some of the folders in Xllla.

Folder No. 1 contains some specific examples of the analysis of information, such as prepared by case officer Lt. Colonel Lustig on the reports from secret agent Demetrashvili. The practice of analyzing reports may be observed also in the maintenance of intelligence target files on revolutionaries, their organizations and activities. (See XIIIf(3).) One of the purposes of maintaining reference files to intelligence topics was to have ready access to available information for comparison with incoming reports and their evaluation.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 83

Index VIg, Folder 1

Dispatches referring to the evaluation of agent information, dependability of reports, etc. 1887-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 83

Index VIg, Folder 2

Notes journalières. Book of principal agent Bittard-Monin on agent reports 1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 83

Index VIg, Folder 3

Agent Bittard-Monin's notes on revolutionaries from agent reports 1908-1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 83

Index VIg, Folder 4

Agent Bittard-Monin's notes on revolutionaries from agent reports 1914-1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 83

Index VIg, Folder 5

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 42

h. Checking on agents with regard to security, behavior, veracity; actual controls

Scope and Contents Note

This collection of materials on the subject of how the Okhrana at home and abroad maintained control over the agents includes little more than a sampling of the methods. The documents under other index numbers on agents and techniques of operation contain much scattered material on this subject. For instance, the folders on senior employee Sushkov, who came under suspicion in 1914 as the possible informant of Burtsev and his counter-intelligence office, are illustrative of the measures taken to uncover his attitudes and activities. Particularly in the early stages of employment, deep cover agents were under much observation. Checking on their veracity and true loyalties was often a fairly simple matter since these agents did not know each other, and quite frequently there were two of them reporting on the same persons and events.

Folder No. 1 in this collection contains mostly dispatches exchanged with Headquarters concerning instructions on security checks, loyalty, and general behavior of the agents and employees. Other folders cover more specific cases of checking on individual or groups of agents or on the methods used to exert control over them.

General note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 1

Dispatches containing instructions and reports on security checks, loyalty, behavior of agents, and the control of their activities 1905-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 2

Reports from Bint on his tour to Switzerland to inspect the performance of French and Swiss agents 1912 February-March

Note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 3

Non-Russian agents' signatures kept in a separate file as a control measure 1911-1913

General note

For other signatures, see VIc

Note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 4

Dispatch concerning the constant surveillance of Azef in 1907; dispatches regarding the identification of an agent with contacts with Okhrana defector Bakai; instructions from Headquarters to border outposts to refuse certificates to Okhrana agents 1907-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 5

Dispatches, notes, and reports revealing checks on the loyalty, activities, etc. of deep cover agents: Beitner, Blokhin, Demetrashvili, Eropkina, Geiger, Kaplun, Kokochinskii, Kozlov, Krevin, Kuranov, Mass, Model, de Shneur, Virovoi, and Zinovev

Note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 6

The case of the Pilenas brothers, agents in London 1910-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 7

Dispatches and other materials on the surveillance of agent Model traveling to Russia in 1914; the Leone-Fontana scandal in 1912; agent Nobel's checking on the story that the revolutionaries intended to use airplanes; instructions forbidding agents to make statements of any connection with the Russian embassy

Note

Available on microfilm reel 84

Index VIh, Folder 8

Cross-reference sheet

Index VIh, Folder 9

Reference: For two dispatches from Krasil'nikov in 1915-1916 criticizing case officer Litvin on handling deep cover agents, see IIIb

Box: 42

i. Informers

Scope and Contents Note

This category of people working for the Okhrana abroad is probably the most illusive and difficult to classify. The collection in no way reflects the total number of informers. Every known Russian agent of some standing was bound to develop his own informers in the police stations, post offices, among hotel and railroad station attendants, and the like. The raw reports frequently refer to such sources of information, at times also listing the tips spent on them.

At all times, however, the Okhrana also kept on the payroll a number of correspondents (see the last document in Folder No. 2), sometimes referred to as informers. This group was subject to constant change -- a correspondent developed into a full-fledged agent, a casual informer into a permanent one, or even to a full agent. '

The dispatches and notes collected in Folder No. 1 are general with regard to informers, with requests for verification of their information and the like. Folder No. 2 deals with specific individuals supplying information. Folder No. 3 contains materials from freelance and unsolicited types, probably the least reliable. Much of this represents denunciations among the émigré, derogatory letters, usually anonymous, and therefore not used in the preparation of the Okhrana's intelligence reports.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 85-86

Index VIi, Folder 1

Dispatches pertaining to informers or their information, requests for verification, etc. 1894-1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 85

Index VIi, Folder 2

Okhrana files on informers containing correspondence with Alaev, Aleksandrov, Chambault, Dadiani, Dengart-Dizhur, Giovanni, Gruzevich, Korchanov, Kliuchereva, Minkvits, Prolsdorfer in New York, Riant, Rusinskii, Rusnev, Steinberg, Stiglits, Zhdanovskii

Note

Available on microfilm reel 85

Index VIi, Folder 3

Letters from informers, denunciations, reports of revolutionaries, etc. 1890-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 86

Index VIi, Folder 4

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 43-48

j. General collection of information prepared by non-Russian agents

Scope and Contents Note

This extensive collection of non-Russian agent reports is presented chronologically and, to some extent, by areas. The to inventory gives also the names of the key agents and some of the leading revolutionaries and groups, subjects of their reports.

Despite the size of the collection, it includes only a fraction of the total of the non-Russian agent reports. The bulk of these is under Index Numbers VIk and Xllla, the firfct one containing the reports of important non-Russian agents at given periods and tasks, the second including the raw reports used in the analysis of information and preparation for dispatches to Headquarters. Thus, as an example to researchers who might be interested in the reports of principal agent Bint (who served the Okhrana from 1884 to 1917), they would find it expedient to search first through Bint's folders under VIk, then look for the years missing through the general folders in VIj. Similarly, for reports on all other non-Russian agents, the approach should be to search first under the agent's name in VIk, then in VIj.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 86-101

Index VIj, Folder 1

1884-1887

Note

Available on microfilm reel 86

Index VIj, Folder 2

1888-1890

Note

Available on microfilm reel 87

Index VIj, Folder 3

1891-1893

Note

Available on microfilm reel 87

Index VIj, Folder 4

1894

Note

Available on microfilm reel 87

Index VIj, Folder 5

1895

Note

Available on microfilm reel 87

Index VIj, Folder 6

1896

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 7

1897

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 8

1898

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 9

1899

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 10

1900

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 11

1901

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 12

1902

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 13

1903-1904

Note

Available on microfilm reel 88

Index VIj, Folder 14

1905

Scope and Contents Note

Includes reports on revolutionaries Kropotkin, Natanson, Braginskii, and others

Note

Available on microfilm reel 89

Index VIj, Folder 15

1906

Scope and Contents Note

Includes notes on arms shipments from northern European ports

Note

Available on microfilm reels 89-90

Index VIj, Folder 16-17

1907

Scope and Contents Note

Includes agent reports in French on leading revolutionaries: Trotsky, Martov, Bakunin, Voronov, Karelin, Malinovskii, Minor, Khrustalev-Nosar, and others

Note

Available on microfilm reels 90-91

Index VIj, Folder 18

1908

Note

Available on microfilm reel 92

Index VIj, Folder 19

1909

Note

Available on microfilm reel 92

Index VIj, Folder 20

1910

Note

Available on microfilm reel 92

Index VIj, Folder 21-25

1911

Note

Available on microfilm reels 92-94

1912

Index VIj, Folder 26-30

Paris

Note

Available on microfilm reels 94-96

Index VIj, Folder 31

Other parts of France

Scope and Contents Note

Includes surveillance accounts of Savinkov and his group

Note

Available on microfilm reel 96

Index VIj, Folder 32

Belgium

Note

Available on microfilm reel 97

Index VIj, Folder 33

London

Note

Available on microfilm reel 97

Index VIj, Folder 34

Denmark

Note

Available on microfilm reel 97

Index VIj, Folder 35

Germany

Note

Available on microfilm reel 97

Index VIj, Folder 36

Italy

Note

Available on microfilm reels 97-98

Index VIj, Folder 37

Switzerland

Note

Available on microfilm reels 98-99

Index VIj, Folder 38

Austria

Note

Available on microfilm reel 99

Index VIj, Folder 39

1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 100

Index VIj, Folder 40

1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 100

Index VIj, Folder 41

1915

Note

Available on microfilm reel 100

Index VIj, Folder 42

1916

Note

Available on microfilm reel 101

Index VIj, Folder 43

1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 101

Index VIj, Folder 44

Undated

Note

Available on microfilm reel 101

Index VIj, Folder 45

Cross-reference sheet

Box: 49-61

k. Important non-Russian agents

Scope and Contents Note

Only Folder No. 1 of this collection contains dispatches on agents, with contents of minor significance but pertaining to individuals under whose names many of these folders are organized. The collection is actually a continuation of the preceding one in V1j. The folders contain the work of outstanding agents at given periods or on specific assignments. That means that not all the product of any one of the agents is assembled herein, but only the outstanding periods of productivity or reports on specific and outstanding assignments. The inventory of this collection is fairly detailed as to the names of the operatives, their targets, and the periods covered. Each folder is arranged chronologically, with undated reports placed at the end.

General note

Available on microfilm reels 101-126

Index VIk, Folder 1

Dispatches relating to individual non-Russian agents 1905-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 101

Reports organized by agent

Index VIk, Folder 2

Aebersold, Jean 1911

Scope and Contents note

Includes reports from London on the surveillance of Prince Kropotkin and participants in the Houndsditch bombings

Note

Available on microfilm reel 101

Index VIk, Folder 3-8

Bint, Henry 1887-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reels 101-103

Index VIk, Folder 9-18

Bittard-Monin 1908-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reels 103-105

Index VIk, Folder 19

Corrot, Raoul 1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 106

Index VIk, Folder 20

Delangle, Charles 1914-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 106

Index VIk, Folder 21

Demaille, Emile 1898-1901

Scope and Contents note

Includes letters to Richter (Rachkovskii) reporting from Bern, Geneva, and Copenhagen on various revolutionaries

Note

Available on microfilm reel 106

Index VIk, Folder 22

Durin, Henri 1908-1917

Note

Available on microfilm reel 106

Index VIk, Folder 23

Farce, E. 1892-1907

Scope and Contents note

Reports with information on the "Free Russia" group, anarchists, Burtsev, Poles, and Jews in London, revolutionary arms shipments, etc. Perlustration of revolutionary correspondence. For additional reports of Agent Farce, see IIb, folder 2.

Note

Available on microfilm reels 107-108

Index VIk, Folder 24

Feuger, Fernand 1912-1914

Scope and Contents note

Includes reports on Bartenev, Azvolinskii, and Barthold

Note

Available on microfilm reel 108

Index VIk, Folder 25

Fehrenbach, J. 1890-1906

Note

Available on microfilm reels 109-114

Index VIk, Folder 26-27

Fontaine, Paul (Hamard) 1911-1915

Scope and Contents Note

Reports on the surveillance of Savinkov

Note

Available on microfilm reel 115

Index VIk, Folder 28

Gottlieb, Rene 1913-1917

Scope and Contents note

Includes reports on surveilance in Paris of Burtsev, Argunov, and Bessel

Note

Available on microfilm reel 115

Index VIk, Folder 29

Hebrais, A. 1913-1917

Scope and Contents Note

Includes reports on Savinkov, Fabrikant, Fundaminskii, and others of the fighting unit of the Socialist Revolutionaries

Note

Available on microfilm reel 115

Index VIk, Folder 30

Hennequin, Edmond 1910-1913

Note

Available on microfilm reel 115

Index VIk, Folder 31-32

Invernizzi, Eugene (Nizzi) 1908-1917

Scope and Contents note

Reports on Socialist Revolutionary leaders on the Italian Riviera

Note

Available on microfilm reel 116

Index VIk, Folder 33-34

Jollivet, Georges (Roberts), his son Raoul, and his wife 1911-1916

Scope and Contents note

Operational reports until October 1913 on surveillance of individual revolutionaries in Italy, and after October 1913 as a double agent in Burtsev's intelligence office

Note

Available on microfilm reels 116-117

Index VIk, Folder 35

Laurent, Bernard 1914

Scope and Contents note

Reports from Paris and Serbia (with agent Cazaius), on surveillance of the revolutionary Bessel

Note

Available on microfilm reel 117

Index VIk, Folder 36

Lévêque, Eugène 1905, 1912

Scope and Contents note

Includes 1905 reports on surveillance of Azef, Burtsev, Iudelevskii, and others

Note

Available on microfilm reel 117

Index VIk, Folder 37

Neuhaus, Heinrich 1905-1914

Note

Available on microfilm reel 118

Index VIk, Folder 38

Pouchot, Auguste 1912-1914

Scope and Contents note

Reports from Paris on surveillance of Burtsev

Note

Available on microfilm reel 118

Index VIk, Folder 39

Powell, Francis 1912-1917

General note